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Unit 5 Geo Test
Unit 5 Geography Test
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| agriculture | the science & art of cultivating plants & livestock |
| subsistence agriculture | farmers must grow food & crops in order to feed themselves & their family; survival, no trade (developing nations) |
| commercial agriculture | large scale production of crops intended for widespread sale of distribution (developed nations) |
| pastoral nomadism | form of subsistence agriculture based on herding of domesticated animals in dry climates, where planting crops is impossible |
| intensive subsistence agriculture | farmers must work intensively to exist on a parcel of land |
| crop rotation | the process of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year to avoid exhausting the soil |
| wet rice | rice planted on dry land in a nursery & then moved to a deliberately flooded field to promote growth |
| shifting cultivation | practice for farming in which people shift activity from one field to another |
| slash & burn agriculture | another name for shifting cultivation, so named because fields are cleared by slashing the vegetation & burning the debris |
| ranching | a form of commercial agriculture in which livestock graze over an extensive area; different from pastoral nomadism |
| agribusiness | commercial agriculture characterized by integration of different steps in the food-processing industry, usually through ownership by large corporations |
| mixed crop & livestock | the most common form of commercial agriculture in the US west of the Appalachians; growing crops & raising livestock on the same farm |
| market gardening | small scale production of fruits, vegetables, or flowers sold directly to consumers |
| plantation agriculture | form of commercial agriculture where crops are grown for profit on a large scale |
| first agricultural revolution | the time when humans first domesticated plants & animals & no longer relied entirely on hunting & gathering |
| second agricultural revolution | a period of rapid agriculture development in Britain that took place between the 16th & 19th centuries; characterized by a number of changes & innovations that transformed the way food was produced |
| third agricultural revolution | currently taking place; the move from animal help to more efficient machinery; centered around genetically modified food stuffs |
| green revolution | began after WWII; the diffusion of agricultural practices & technologies to lesser developed areas |
| fair trade | farmers & workers are paid a fair price & wage for their products |
| organic | foods grown without the use of pesticides, herbicides, or GMOs |
| sustainable agriculture | farming in a way that preserves & enhances environmental quality; sensitive land management, limited use of chemicals, better integration of crops & livestock |
| monocropping | agriculture practice of growing a single crop year after year on the same land |
| monoculture | agriculture practice of growing a single crop at a time |
| polyculture | agriculture practice of growing more than one crop on the same land at the same time |
| desertification | the process by which fertile land becomes desert, typically as a result of drought, deforestation or inappropriate agriculture |
| soil salinization | process of increased salt content in soils; soils hinders ability for crops to grow |
| deforestation | permanent removal of trees to making way for something else, such as a farm land |
| undernourishment | dietary energy consumption is continuously below the minimum requirement for maintaining a healthy life & carrying out light physical activities |
| food security | the state of having reliable access to a sufficient quantity of affordable, nutritious food at all times |
| food deserts | a neighborhood where residents have little to no access to healthy & affordable food |
| transportation challenges | no access to transportation; market is not within walking distance |
| income inequality | lower income families can't afford fresh produce; many of these families live in inner cities or less desirable ares |
| risky investment | entrepreneurs are not willing to invest in low income areas; big chains are not willing to build in areas that are outside their target markets |
| Koppen system | designates 5 major climate types of the world based on average temperatures & precipitation amounts |
| tropical climate | every month has average high temperature of 64.4 degrees F; every month averages 2.4 inches of precipitation |
| dry climate | area has little annual precipitation |
| temperate climate | coldest month averages between 32 degrees F; at least one month average high about 50 degrees F |
| continental climate | one month averaging below 32 degrees F; one month averaging above 50 degrees F |
| polar climate | every month averages below 50 degrees F; characterized by tundra & permafrost zones |
| climographs | a graphical representation of a location's climate; displays monthly average temp. & monthly average precip. |
| clustered rural settlement | families live close together & fields surround houses & farm buildings |
| dispersed rural settlement | farmers live on individual farms & are isolated from their neighbors |
| linear settlement | group of buildings or homes along a line, usually following a transportation route such as a road or river |
| metes & bounds | a method used to describe boundaries of a piece of land by listing the compass directions (bounds) & distances (metes) of the boundaries |
| long lot survey | system that stretches back from roads or canals; common in Texas & Quebec |
Created by:
jeanay26
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