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enzyme part 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| pepsin | Enzyme that breaks down proteins in the stomach. Pepsinogen is activated by HCl. |
| lipase | pancreatic enzyme necessary to digest lipids into fatty acids and glycerol |
| proteases | pancreatic enzymes that break down proteins |
| alanine transaminase (ALT) | Important liver enzyme that converts the amino acid alanine into pyruvate. Spills out into the blood when the liver cells are damaged. |
| lactase | enzyme that breaks down the disaccharide lactose into glucose and galactose |
| deaminase | enzyme that catalyzes the removal of an amino acid's amine group. Results in the waste product ammonia |
| ammonia | A small, very toxic molecule (NH3) produced a a metabolic waste product of protein and nucleic acid deamination. The liver converts it into urea which is then excreted by the kidneys. |
| urea | waste product formed in the liver, filtered out of the blood by the kidneys, and excreted in urine |
| bilirubin | orange-yellow pigment in bile; formed by the breakdown of hemoglobin when red blood cells are destroyed |
| conjugation reactions | a biochemical reaction that may improve the water solubility of a molecule by converting it to a derivative that contains a water-soluble group - in our case, we learned about how the liver conjugates bilirubin in order to be able to excrete it from the b |
| jaundice | yellowing of the skin and the whites of the eyes caused by an accumulation of bile pigment (bilirubin) in the blood |
| Where is bilirubin conjugated? | liver hepatocytes |
| thrombin | enzyme that converts fibrinogen to fibrin during coagulation |
| fibrinogen | plasma protein that is converted to fibrin (by the enzyme thrombin) in the clotting process |
| fibrin | an insoluble protein formed from fibrinogen during the clotting of blood. It forms a fibrous mesh that impedes the flow of blood. |
| angiotensinogen | a plasma protein produced by the liver - it is converted into angiotensin I by renin |
| glycolysis | the breakdown of glucose into pyruvate; requires 11 different enzymatic reactions |
| citric acid cycle | enzymatic reactions that completes the breakdown of glucose |
| ATP synthase | enzyme that catalyzes the reaction that adds a high-energy phosphate group to ADP to form ATP |
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