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Mesopotamia Unit III
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Drought | _______________ A LONG period of time with little to no rain which can cause food shortages. |
| Famine | A lack of food leading to the death of part of a population. |
| Surplus | A larger amount of a resource than is needed for immediate survival. |
| Barter | Trading goods for goods instead of using monetary value. |
| City-state | A small city with its own farmland and government. |
| Ziggurat | Temples built for the gods and goddesses. |
| Cuneiform | The writing system of the Ancient Mesopotamians. |
| Code of Hammurabi | Hammurabi’s Code is a code imprinted on a stone pillar. It is the law system of ancient Babylon. It treated a person differently depending on their class. |
| Mesopotamian Social Structure Upper Class | 1.Kings-highest order because they were chosen by the gods 2. Priest Warriors and Government Officials-under the kings but usually directly work for him. |
| Mesopotamian Social Structure Middle Class | 3.Craftspeople Merchants and Traders-normal citizens with above average skills |
| Mesopotamian Social Structure Lower Class | 4. Farmer- low workers with minimal right or privilege 5.Slaves- unpaid workers no influence who live in their owners house |
| Judaism | The religion of the ancient shepherds that follows the Torah. |
| Polytheistic Religion | The belief in multiple gods with different responsibilities (eg. god of the sun, god of the moone, etc.) |
| Monotheistic Religion | The belief in one omnipotent god. |
| The Akkadians Leader | Most famous leader: Sargon -Destroyed the walls of cities to make it harder for people to rebel because they had no defensible positions. -Loyal governors stayed, others were replaced. -Demanded that sons inherit the power when he died. |
| The Akkadians People | -Akkadian language gradually replaced the Sumerian language. -They became known for their three dimensional relief sculptures called steles or stelas They were the first empire in power in Ancient Mesopotamia |
| The Babylonians Leader | Most famous leader: Hammurabi -Roads -Postal Service -helped unite the empire, and increased trade to boost the economy -Code of Hammurabi: 282 Laws written between 1792 B.C.E. and 1750 B.C.E. second empire of Ancient Mesopotamia |
| The Babylonians People | -Craftspeople were able to use materials from distant lands, and the arts flourished. The economy would have also been strengthened by all of the imports and exports -Traded grain and woven cloth for wood, gold, silver, precious gems, and livestock |
| The Assyrians Leader | Most Famous Leader: Ashurbanipal Not much on him. |
| The Assyrians People | -Bas-reliefs: A sculpture where the image stick out a flat surface. -Battering Rams: Long poles that were used for punching holes in walls-wheeled -Siege Towers: Moveable towers rolled up to city walls to allow soldiers and climb over the walls. |
| The Neo-Babylonians Leader | -Nebuchadrezzar II aka Nebuchadnezzar II decorated his palace with fabulous gardens. -Drove the Egyptians out of Syria, and conquered Canaan. -Took the rebellious Hebrews from Canaan captive and brought them to Babylonia |
| The Neo-Babylonians People | Created the first sundial, made discoveries that led us to the 60 minute hour and the 7 day week 4th empire of Ancient Mesopotamia |
| Sargon | -First leader of the Akkadians. -Destroyed the walls of cities to make it harder for people to rebel because they had no defensible positions. -Loyal governors stayed, others were replaced. -Demanded that sons inherit the power when he died. |
| Hammurabi | Hammurabi was the king of ancient Babylon He created one of the first written law systems |
| Nebuchadrezzar II aka Nebuchadnezzar II | -The first leader of the Neo-Babylonians. -Nebuchadnezzar II decorated his palace with fabulous gardens. -Drove the Egyptians out of Syria, and conquered Canaan. -Took the rebellious Hebrews from Canaan captive and brought them to Babylonia |
| Abraham | A Hebrew shepherd who led his people through the Fertile Crescent and into Canaan. |
| Moses | A Hebrew who led his people out of Egypt by supposedly splitting the Red Sea. |
| 7 Characteristic Of A Civilization Mesopotamia Stable Food Supply | -Sumerians invented irrigation systems using canals, dams, and reservoirs to bring water to their crops. - Sumerians invented the plow, a tool for tilling soil to prepare it for planting seeds. Farmers would move the plow or have a large animal pull it. |
| 7 Characteristic Of A Civilization Mesopotamia Writing Part 1 | - Sumerians created a written language known as cuneiform (kyoo-nee-uh-form) They used a wedge shaped tool to carve their writing in clay tablets. - Cuneiform was developed around 2400 B.C.E. and had around 700 symbols to stand for ideas and sounds. |
| 7 Characteristic Of A Civilization Mesopotamia Writing Part 2 | - Writing was used to record information about the goods Sumerians exchanged with one another. - This writing was based on earlier forms of writing known as pictographs. |
| 7 Characteristic Of A Civilization Mesopotamia Artwork Part 1 | -Sumerian metalworkers made items such as weapons and cups, and they also made decorative items like mirrors and jewelry. - Sumerian architects designed temples and ziggurats for religious worship. |
| 7 Characteristic Of A Civilization Mesopotamia Artwork Part 2 | - Musicians would play at religious ceremonies, and entertain guests at feasts. |
| 7 Characteristic Of A Civilization Mesopotamia Government Part 1 | - Sumerian city-states were ruled by kings who were supposedly chosen by the gods. - Kings enforced laws, collected taxes, ordered temples to be built, made sure irrigation systems were maintained, and led his army. |
| 7 Characteristic Of A Civilization Mesopotamia Government Part 2 | - Sumerian armies included professional soldiers and temporary citizen-soldiers, who were foot soldiers or were on chariots. - Governors helped kings with their duties. Governors would rule smaller parts of the city-states. |
| 7 Characteristic Of A Civilization Mesopotamia Government Part 3 | - Scribes would keep records. Sumerians were the first people to develop a system of written laws. |
| 7 Characteristic Of A Civilization Mesopotamia Social Structure Part 1 | - The upper class consisted of priests, land owners, and government officials. They lived in large houses and had a lot of money. |
| 7 Characteristic Of A Civilization Mesopotamia Social Structure Part 2 | - The middle class: Merchants (sold goods) and craftspeople (made goods). Also in this class were farmers and fishermen. - Lower/Slave class: lived in their owner’s home and had no property of their own. |
| 7 Characteristic Of A Civilization Mesopotamia Technology Part 1 | - Their most important invention was the wheel. The earliest wheel found dates back to 3500 B.C.E. Wheeled carts made it much easier to carry large amounts or heavy items around. These could be pulled by animals. |
| 7 Characteristic Of A Civilization Mesopotamia Technology Part 2 | - Another technological advance was an arch. Arches added strength and beauty to Sumerian buildings and became common doorway entrances. |
| 7 Characteristic Of A Civilization Mesopotamia Technology Part 3 | -Bas-reliefs: A sculpture in which the image projects out from a flat surface. -for their three dimensional relief sculptures called steles or stelas |
| 7 Characteristic Of A Civilization Mesopotamia Religion Part 1 | - In Sumer religious beliefs influenced every part of daily life. Sumerians tried to please the gods with everything they did, such as growing crops. |
| 7 Characteristic Of A Civilization Mesopotamia Religion Part 2 | - To express their religious beliefs, Sumerians built temples and religious towers called ziggurats. The ziggurats were built near the temples. Sumerians believed their gods lived inside the ziggurats. |
| 7 Characteristic Of A Civilization Mesopotamia Religion Part 3 | - Sumerians also carved statues that would show people worshiping the gods. - Sumerians had many different kinds of religious ceremonies. Musicians usually played at these ceremonies. |
| 7 Characteristic Of A Civilization Mesopotamia Religion Part 4 | -Early people, shepherds, created a religion called Judaism. -About the same time that King Hammurabi ruled much of Mesopotamia (1780 B.C.E.), Abraham became a leader of the Hebrew people, leading them through the Fertile Crescent into Canaan. |
| 7 Characteristic Of A Civilization Mesopotamia Religion Part 5 | -The Egyptians enslaved the Hebrews for more than 400 years before a new leader, Moses, led them out of Egypt. |
| Mesopotamian Problem Solving Part 1 | Problem 1: There was a famine in the Mesopotamian foothills. Solution 1: People from the foothills moved to the plains between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. How does it lead to the next problem? The plains have their own problems. |
| Mesopotamian Problem Solving Part 2 | Problem 2: The plains are flooded uncontrollably every year. Solution 2: The Sumerians created irrigation systems, which included levees, ditches, dams, and reservoirs. How does it lead to the next problem? The irrigation systems could get clogged. |
| Mesopotamian Problem Solving Part 3 | Problem 3: Silt got into the irrigation systems and it had to be maintained. Solution 3: People worked together and formed what would later become city-states. How does it lead to the next problem? City-states don't work well with each other. |
| Mesopotamian Problem Solving Part 4 | Problem 4: City-states fought each other for water access. Solution 4: Sumerians built walls and dams around their cities to protect from attacks |
Created by:
Ajuliano28
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