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History 1865 Quiz 1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Beringia | origins of first Americans ca. 25,000 years ago land between Russia and Alaska |
| Paleo Indians | (13,000-6,000 BCE) Small, nomadic bands, hunted large mammals Clovis spear points |
| Archaic Indians | (6,000 BCE-800 CE) hunter-gatherers, hunted bison and small mammals, supported denser and more localized populations stone tools, spear throwers, jewelry, burial practices |
| Cayo del Oso | archaic burial ground bodies stacked |
| Mississippians | Emerged in Mississippi valley in 9th century developed fortified cities, local chiefdoms spread across southeast from Texas to Carolinas |
| Cahokia | 40,000 people, 100 ceremonial mounds elaborate class divisions vast trade network declined due to drought/war in 1450 |
| virgin soil epidemics | Depopulation no immunities + contact with deadly and contagious pathogen = widespread death social and environmental factors: compounded epidemics, no knowledge of quarantine |
| mourning wars | fur trade trade escalated violence traditional warfare='mourning wars' (torture, cannibalism) Iroquois waged incredibly destructive mourning wars |
| Yamasee war 1716 | Indian slave trade led to Yamasee war of 1716 few native towns left after 1720 |
| Pequot war 1637 | Causes: conflicts over fur trade |
| Mystic Massacre | 600-700 burned alive, mostly women and children |
| King Phillip's war 1675 | triggered by settler pressures on native lands region-wide conflict; very destructive wiped out half of indigenous population in NE |
| problems with virgin soil epidemic theories | lets Europeans off the hook assumes that contact=depopulation with little evidence no evidence of smallpox in southeast until 1690's native communities could survive given time and space to heal |
| the middle passage | the stage of the Atlantic slave trade in which millions of enslaved Africans were transported to the Americas as part of the triangular slave trade. absolutely terrible conditions and many enslaved people were lost on journey |
| Olaudah Equiano | writer and abolitionist form Enslaved as a child in Africa, he was shipped to the Caribbean as a victim of the Atlantic slave trade and sold as a slave to a Royal Navy officer. |
| Peculum oris | scissor shaped tool to force open slave's mouths |
| joint stock company | consisted of investors who pooled resources to fund an enterprise and, if it was successful, shared the profits Jamestown established 1607 by virginia company |
| indentured servitude | where an individual is under contract to work without a salary to repay an indenture or loan within a certain time limit Push factors: English economy Pull factors: headrights (land grants) |
| headright system | The right to receive fifty acres per person, or per head |
| anthony johnson | African American Farmer that was allowed to own a slave |
| john punch | set precedent for extending indentured servitude time (for life) being black he got the harshest treatment for trying to escape |
| chattel slavery | allowed people to become property to be bought and sold for work |
| bacon's rebellion | Growing population of free poor white men economic depression heightened inequality colonial government corruption (overtaxing poor, stripping voting rights of non-property owners) Nathaniel Bacon -demand for Indian land, rebellion succeeds then fails |
| Indentured servitude vs. chattel slavery | Indentured servitude -Temporary -Voluntary -Protected by contract Chattel slavery -Permanent -Inherited -Property (chattel), not persons |
| Lesson of bacons rebellion | exploiting free poor whites leads to class conflict must give poor white men rights power and opportunity |
| sacraments | (means of grace) Baptism, Confirmation, Eucharist, Reconciliation, Anointing of the Sick, Matrimony, and Holy Orders |
| transubstantiation | communion the conversion of the substance of the Eucharistic elements into the body and blood of Christ at consecration |
| indulgences | things that people did to sin, can buy a indulgences to buy your way into heaven. People could buy them for you while your in 'Purgatory' |
| Martin Luther | Salvation by faith, not good works -The controversy over indulgences Bible is source of authority -Protestants are people of the book Priests are not needed |
| three principles of protestant reformation | only scripture, only grace, only faith |
| John Calvin | -Depravity, grace, and predestination -Rejected images, saints, relics, feast days, pilgrimages, priests, bishops, transubstantiation, most sacraments -Puritans were Calvinists |
| predestination | the divine foreordaining of all that will happen, especially with regard to the salvation of some and not others Calvin taught it |
| antichrist | fake god that people might follow if they confused them for the real thing |
| city on a hill | the expectation that the Massachusetts Bay colony would shine like an example to the world - by john winthrop |
| John Winthrop | Strict standards of church membership: “visible saints” Voting rights only for adult male church members -Theocracy Persecution of “heretics” (Baptists, Quakers) -Toleration is not valued |
| Quakers | heretics of the puritans believed god could be 'reached' through self |
| halfway covenant (1660's) | religious-political solution adopted by 17th-century New England Congregationalists, also called Puritans, that allowed the children of baptized but unconverted church members to be baptized and thus become church members and have political rights |
| Dominion of New England | King James II stripped Mass. Bay company of charter and established one big royal colony under jurisdiction of the crown (dominion of New England) |
| Glorious Revolution | James II deposed in 1689 and charter is restored to Mass. Bay |
| Act of Toleration (1689) | The law made it a crime to blaspheme God, the Holy Trinity, the Virgin Mary, or the early apostles and evangelists |
| spectral evidence | a form of legal evidence based upon the testimony of those who claim to have experienced visions |
Created by:
JRabon2
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