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SOC 105
Exam 1- Lecture Material
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Macro theories in sociology | theories of the organizations of society; organizations of governments in the world |
| Sociology | the unfolding of truth |
| Where is truth usually from? | the point of view of the victor or those who are in control |
| What happens when we are confronted with a new experience? | we slot the new experience in a pre-divided pigeon holes; more education allows more slots |
| Sociological imagination | to view life from a different lense |
| Money is... | labor power that has been done |
| Person-blame | seeing social problems in the terms of people problems |
| System-blame | how systems contribute to social problems |
| What are the reasons why we use system-blame over person-blame? | most people often see problems in terms of an individual view, sociology is the study of groups, not the individual, and we as a field of study can clearly show how institutional relationships/frameworks are the source or create social problems |
| What does the sociological imagination encourage us to do? | be critical of the things we see, hear, and read |
| Ethics | standards of behaviors, the way we ought to act in certain situations |
| 5 sources of ethical standards | utilitarian approach, rights approach, fairness/justice approach, common good approach, and the virtue approach |
| Utilitarian approach | the best action provides the most good |
| Rights approach | respecting the moral rights of others |
| Fairness/justice approach | equals should be treated equally, if unequal then fairly (comes from Aristotle and Greek philosophers) |
| Common good approach | talks about community and the relationships people have within communities |
| Virtues approach | virtues allow us for our full development (ex. love, truth, respect, honesty...) |
| Symbolic interactionist perspective | subject under focus: interaction between individuals; nature of society: composed of individuals whose actions depend on interpreting each other's behaviors; maintenance of social order: constant negotiations between individuals to understand each other |
| What is the glue that holds social life together? | language and words because they form patterns of understanding |
| Functionalist perspective | subject under focus: social order or stability; nature of society: consists of interdependent groups pursuing common goals; maintenance of social order: through social consensus, whereby people agree to cooperate in order to contribute to social order |
| How is society viewed through a functionalist perspective? | each part of society is connected and serves a function; look for social order or stability |
| Conflict perspective/theory | subject under focus: social conflict or change; nature of society: made up of conflicting groups, each pursuing its own interest; maintenance of social order: through coercion, social order imposed by the powerful on the weak |
| How does the conflict perspective/theory view power? | some people always have more power than others in society and those in power try to organize society to their benefit |
| How does the conflict perspective/theory view order/functionalism? | working/getting along is a cover story to those in power; they look for reasons why order is not true |
| Durkheim's theory | had ideas on the important of difference and diversity; claims that to the extent that we are different, makes us co-operate because differences makes us rely on each other |
| Mechanical society | everyone does the same thing |
| Organic society | everyone does different things and they rely on each other for society to function |
| How do societies move form mechanical to organic? | industrialization |
| Durkheim's views on society | society makes people who they are, it makes us believe in things (force acting on you), and society can move people to suicide |
| Three forms of suicide | egoistic, anomic, and altruistic |
| Egoistic suicide | lack of strong supporting ties to others |
| Anomic suicide | when the regulation of the person breaks down (ex. schedule is broken up or something like the Holocaust occurs) |
| Altruistic suicide | found among strongly unified social groups; the idea of "never leaving anyone behind", giving your life for what you think is the greater good (ex. kamikaze pilots) |
| What is the most common thing in mechanical societies? | morality |
| Guilds | collectives of people working together |
| According to Durkheim, what is a big part in the division of labor? | morality; morality holds societies together |
| Every known society has been... | organized and in every organization, work must be performed |
| In what society are guilds most common? | organic societies because they have to work together to get things done |
| Criticisms of Durkheim | no examples of his theories (lack historical component), power relations are neglected, his theory is too "pretend-like" such as the world is harmonious |
| Proletariat | workers and consumers |
| Bourgeoisie | the owners of the means of production |
| Feudalism | a social system that existed in Europe during the Middle Ages in which people worked and fought for nobles who gave them military protection and the use of land in return |
| How does the conflict theory view the proletariat and the bourgeoisie? | the interests of the two groups are in conflict |
| Karl Marx | believed that in all societies, people must engage in work to survive |
| How does Karl Marx view capitalism? | a 2 class society based on the interests of the proletariat and the bourgeoisie |
| Transition from feudalism to capitalism | feudalism was built on war and conquering and economics was secondary; feudalist merchants exchanged goods between societies and kept some of the goods for himself and eventually made the goods and hired workers from both societies |
| Social relations of production (capitalism) | relationships of workers and bosses is exploitation, relationship between workers and the products they make is that the products are the owners'. Workers don't own their products; relationship between workers and other workers is competition |
| Karl Marx argues that capitalism is an archaic arrangement of production because | it does not satisfy the needs of humanity, but only the needs of the individual capitalist; what is in the interest of the single capitalist is odds with everyone else |
| Social regulations | regulations that protect workers and consumers from the business market (ex. minimum wage, workers compensation, OSHA) |
| Economic regulations | regulates the economic playing field for businesses; affect the way businesses run their businesses (ex. SEC- Security and Exchange Commission) |
| Role of the state/government in these types of regulations | social regulation role and economic regulation role |
| Social regulation role | state investigates worker's complaints, the more regulations, the less profit for companies. If companies make less profits, then the state gets less money in taxes; the state ebbs and flows with the will of the people |
| Economic regulation role | the state gets taxes from businesses, regulations level the playing field; the state will pounce on individual capitalists that cheat the system, so the rest of the capitalists don't follow their examples |
| Antitrust laws | prevent monopolies from happening; Sherman Antitrust Act, Clayton Act |
| Sherman Antitrust Act (1890) | went after big businesses involved in interstate competition |
| Clayton Act | regulates in-state competition |
| Who enforces antitrust laws? | FTC (Federal Trade Commission) and DOJ (Department of Justice); FTC investigates individuals and if they do not have a consent agreement, then the DOJ gets involved |
| Economic imperative | for societies to survive they have to reproduce themselves (not just the people, but also the structures and organization |
| 2 main components of economic imperative | institutions: businesses, schools, government that assist in organizations needed to stay alive; social processes: structure of how goods and services are made |
| What is involved with how we distribute goods and services? | culture |
| Economic viability | for any society/nation to exist, it must generate an aggregate (amount of goods and services) on a regular basis; takes planning and the population needs to be replenished |
| 3 requirements of economic viability | the specifications of political boundaries (who are/aren't citizens), production of a gross product compatible with a technology and resource base, and the system must be compatible to maintain a growth rate compatible to the growth of their population |
| Consumer/consumption goods | end-use, final products |
| Capital goods | goods that make consumer/consumption goods; ex. machines that make the machines that make goods; countries need these or else they have to import goods |
| Gross product of economy | everything that a country produced in their country; need two resources- means of production and labor, stuff you produce has to include land and machinery |
| Micro theories in sociology | small group behaviors (to the degree they do or don't study behavior) |
Created by:
kkade
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