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Language levels
Pragmatics
Term | Definition |
---|---|
Implicature | An implied meaning that has to be inferred as a result of a conversational maxim being broken. |
Inference | The process of deriving implied meanings. |
Irony | Using language to signal an attitude other than what has been literally expressed. |
Deixis | Words that are context-bound where meaning depends on who is being referred to, where something is happening or when it is happening. |
Speech acts | Communicative acts that carry meaning beyond the words and phrases used within them, for example, apologies and promises. |
Politeness | The awareness of others’ needs to be approved of and liked (positive politeness) and/or given freedom to express their own identity and choices (negative politeness). |
Face | The concept of how all communication relies on presenting a ‘face’ to listeners and audiences, and how the management of positive and negative face needs to contribute to interaction. |
Cooperative principles in conversation | How interaction is thought to be based upon various kinds of cooperative behaviour between speakers. |