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SOC 105
Textbook Chapter 9
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Sex | the biological differences between females and males determined by chromosomes, hormones, and external and internal anatomy |
| Gender | the social and cultural roles, behaviors, and activities attached to women and men |
| Transgender | an individual with a gender identity that differs from their assigned, biological sex |
| Intersex | an individual born with external genitalia, internal reproductive organs, and/or endocrine system that do not fit the typical biological definitions of male/female |
| Nature arguments for gender differences | differences between women and men are rooted in evolution |
| Nurture arguments for gender differences | most differences between women and men are socially constructed |
| Males and females are different physically due to... | chromosomal and reproductive differences |
| Femininity and masculinity are not uniformly shaped from genetic makeup, but differently... | from one culture to another, within any culture over time, over the course of all women's and men's lives, and between and among different groups of women and men, depending on class, race, ethnicity, and sexuality |
| Compulsory heterosexuality | the system of sexuality that imposes negative sanctions on those who are homosexual or bisexual |
| How do we learn gender? | gender socialization |
| How does family influence gender role development? | parents pass on their own beliefs of gender and raise their boy and girl differently, parents expect different behaviors from boys and girls, and fathers reinforce gender stereotyping more than mothers |
| Androgyny | the integration of traditional feminine and masculine characteristics in the same individual |
| How is gender inequality different from other types of inequality? | both sides (men and women) interact frequently |
| Gender roles approach | males and females differ because of factors external to them, such as the social structures and institutions that reward men and women differently |
| Gender stratification | differential ranking and rewarding of women's and men's roles |
| Gendered institutions | all social institutions are organized by gender |
| Male dominance | beliefs, meanings, and placement that value men over women and that institutionalize male control of socially valued resources |
| Title IX (1972) | outlawed gender discrimination in public schools |
| How does religion contribute to gender inequality? | women and men have different missions and different standards of behavior and although women and men are equal in the eyes of the deity, women are to some degree subordinated to men |
| Occupational sex segregation/gender segregation | the pattern where by women and men are situated in different jobs throughout the labor force |
| Reasons for persistence of earnings gaps between men and women | women are concentrated in lower-paying occupations, they enter the labor force at different levels than men, they tend to work less overtime, and they tend to take more time off than men due to caregiving obligations |
| Human capital theory | individuals choose to invest in their human capital in terms of education, training, etc... |
| Glass ceiling | an invisible barrier that limits women's upward occupational mobility |
| Interactional theories | claims that the gendered structures of work are responsible for men and women's outcomes through social relations among workers |
| First stage of feminism | Abolition movement of the 1830s- July 1848 convention at Seneca Falls approved a declaration of independence saying that men and women are created equal and endowed with certain inalienable rights |
| Second stage of feminism | gave priority to women's suffrage |
| Third stage of feminism | contemporary feminism- two types giving rise to feminist consciousness among millions of U.S. women |
| How is gender inequality reinforced? | through education, mass media, religion, the law, and politics |
| The __________ argument declares that differences between men and women are rooted in evolution. | nature |
| The second stage of feminism __________. | gave priority to women's suffrage and culminated in an amendment that was ratified in 1920 |
| Girls are more likely to play __________. | indoors in smaller groups |
| In the United States, the feminist movement experienced a backlash in the 1970s as a result of __________. | recession, high unemployment, and inflation |
| Since the passage of Title IX, __________. | the opportunities for women as coaches have diminished |
| Which of the following popular corporate symbols is an example of an animal metaphor that includes hunting imagery that degrades, objectifies, and sexualizes women? | playboy's bunny |
| Sophie was always told to "act like a lady" when she was growing up. This meant she was supposed to sit, act, and behave in certain ways according to her mother's understanding of how girls are suppose to behave. This exemplifies __________. | the gender roles approach |
| "Frank can't come out to the bar with us tonight because his wife has him on a short leash. He is so henpecked!" This statement exemplifies __________. | animal metaphors that degrade women |
| Which of the following is a consequence of transnational companies sending work overseas? | Poor women from lower classes and castes provide a cheap labor force. |
| Which of the following best describes the gendered and economic structure of contemporary U.S. society? | capitalist patriarchy |
| Gender is defined as the __________. | social and cultural patterns attached to women and men |
| In 2005, then Harvard president Larry Summers suggested that few women were in top professional fields because of __________. | their innate abilites |
| Betty and Billy felt comfortable kissing each other while hanging out in the park, but Kim & Jill had to pretend they were "just friends" because they were too uncomfortable kissing in public despite being married for 3 years. This exemplifies... | compulsory heterosexuality |
| In mixed-sex groups, women often __________. | display polite speech patterns |
| One of the strongest influences in developing our gender identity is through __________. | parents' socialization of children, when they pass on their own beliefs about gender |
| The primary difference between the gender roles and the gender structure approaches to examining gender in society is that _________. | gender roles focuses on individuals and gender structure focuses on society |
| The __________ Amendment gave women the right to vote. | nineteenth |
| How are women generally portrayed in television commercials? | Most commercials show women balancing their career and family while looking glamorous. |
| The Equal Pay Act of 1963 focused primarily on __________. | equal pay for women when they perform the same jobs as men |
| The "glass ceiling" refers to __________. | invisible barriers that keep women from advancing in occupations |
| The pay gap between men and women persists because __________. | women are concentrated in lower-paying occupations |
| Bill always thought he wanted to be an elementary school teacher, but his parents discouraged him from this by saying that, "Being a teacher of young children is a job more suited to women and their nurturing tendencies." This exemplifies __________. | gender segregation |
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