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SOC 105
Textbook Chapter 8
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| The U.S. is growing from being predominantly _____ to being a global society of ____ | white; diverse racial and ethnic peoples |
| Oppression | unjust or cruel exercise of authority or power |
| Race is socially... | constructed |
| Races are thought to be... | distinct biological categories |
| Scientific examination of the human genome finds... | no genetic differences between races |
| What is racial classification based on in the U.S.? | black-white dichotomy- construction of 2 opposing categories in which all people fit |
| Racial formation | sociohistorical process by which races are continually being shaped and transformed |
| When was the first time people were allowed to record themselves in more than one racial category? | the 2000 census |
| Ethnic groups | groups characterized by culturally distinctive characteristics based on language, religion, culture, or natural origin |
| Racial-ethnic groups | group labeled as a "race" by the wider society and bound together by members' common social and economic conditions, resulting in distinctive cultural and ethnic characteristics |
| Disparities between whites and minorites | lower graduation rate and higher unemployment rate for minorities as they face discrimination in hiring and tend to work in low-skilled occupations |
| Three theories used to explain why some groups are treated differently than others: | deficiency theories, bias theories, structural discrimination theories |
| Deficiency theories | explanations that view the secondary status of minorities as the result of their own behaviors and cultural traits; claims there are biological deficiencies in minorities and cultural deficiencies that are generational in minorities |
| Bias theories | explanations that blame the prejudiced attitudes of majority members for the secondary status of minorities; causes discrimination |
| Laissez-faire racism | a subtle racist ideology that blames the cultural norms of African Americans for their social and economic position |
| What does institutional and individual racism generate for Whites? | privilege |
| Structural discrimination theories | explanations that focus on the institutional patterns of discrimination as the sources of the secondary status of minorities |
| Institutional racism | a complex pattern of racial advantage/disadvantage built into the structure and institutions of society |
| What are the four main features of institutional discrimination? | forces of history shape present conditions, discrimination can occur without conscious bigotry, institutional discrimination is less visible than individual acts of discrimination, &discrimination is reinforced by the interrelationships among institutions |
| Racial-formation theory | U.S. is organized along racial lines and institutions and policies support racial stratification |
| Systemic racism | combines an assortment of racism practices to explain racial inequalities |
| Racial profiling | the discriminatory practice by law enforcement officials of targeting individuals for suspicion of crime based on race, ethnicity, religion, or national origin |
| Color-blind racism | idea that race no longer matters in explaining inequality or in policymaking because racism has been overcome |
| According to the 2010 census, approximately __________ percent of people identify themselves as multiracial. | 3 |
| __________ are currently the largest minority in the United States. | Latinos |
| The __________ deficiency theory states that group inferiority is the result of flawed genetic traits. | biological |
| One causal factor in the difference between the incomes of White and minorities is that __________. | racial-ethnic groups are concentrated in the South and Southwest, where wages are lower for everyone |
| Deficiency and bias theories focus on __________. | individuals |
| The 1960's civil rights movement ___________. | legalized race-specific remedies to end racial bias |
| In the town of River Junction, the people in power were all White, despite the population of the town being mainly Black. Concerns of the population of Black citizens were rarely discussed. What concept best describes the Black population in this town? | minority group |
| How would color-blind racism explain racial segregation in modern America? | "So many racial minorities have become part of the middle class; in fact, I have a Black family as neighbors and we love them, so segregation is clearly no longer a racial issue." |
| Which of the following is true about Mexicans, Cubans, Puerto Ricans, Colombians, and other Hispanic groups in the United States? | Hispanics are actually an ethnic group, but they are racialized in the United States. |
| Peggy McIntosh defines "white privilege" as __________. | benefits that are afforded to White people because socioeconomic systems are set up to accommodate them, whether or not they themselves support racist ideologies |
| __________ groups establish a system of inequality over less powerful groups. | Dominant |
| __________ were forced into migration with the Indian Removal Act of 1830. | Native Americans |
| The term "race" is used to __________. | sociologically mark groups on the basis of presumed physical differences |
| Marlo is a Hispanic woman who lives in a community with an abandoned toxic waste site. She may be a victim of __________. | environmental racism |
| The cultural deficiency theory asserts that __________. | the cultural beliefs and practices of minority groups are deficient when compared to those of the dominant group |
| __________ racism occurs when social processes protect the advantages of the dominant group. | institutional |
| Paula was furious after hearing Phillip's comment, "Of course Blacks are poor; they haven't evolved culturally as much as Whites have, so they don't do as well in our society." Phillip's comment exemplifies what theoretical perspective? | biological deficiency |
| What is the current basis for the downsizing of policies related to affirmative action? | color-blindness |
| Racial profiling is __________. It is often used in __________. | the use of race and ethnicity as clues to criminality; terrorism investigations |
| Despite their disproportionately high levels of poverty, __________ communities do not fit the conventional portrait of the underclass. | Latino |
Created by:
kkade
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