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AP Rutherford Hayes
Hayes' Administration
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Rutherford B. Hayes | Republican's nominee for president in 1877 |
| Samuel J. Tilden | forced the removal of corrupted judges in NY City and played role in destroying Tweed Ring. |
| Electoral Commission | created to handle the situation of the Tilden getting one vote short of a simple majority. |
| Electoral Commission findings | Finds that Hayes own by 185 to 184. Although Tilden won over 250,000 in popular votes |
| What did South get in return for accepting the Electoral Commission finding? | pledges were made and kept to withdraw fed. troops from the South, to fund railroads in the South, and to appoint a Southerner to a Cabinet post. |
| What ended Reconstruction? | The election of 1877 where Hayes won |
| Result of the end of Reconstruction | black Southerners were frightened out of public affairs. The 14th and 15th Amendments were largely ignored, and blacks in the South were disenfranchised. |
| Pendleton Act 1883 (Arthur) | competitive examinations must be given to determine which candidates qualify; fed. |
| What did Cleveland emphasized about in this State of the Union speech? (Cleveland) | pointed out that the gov. had been collecting more in taxes than was required. He considered it intolerable that a surplus of $100 million had piled up in the Treasury. |
| How did Cleveland plan to cut taxes? (Cleveland) | lower the tariff and put some goods on the free list |
| Mill Bill (Cleveland) | incporated Cleveland ideas on tariff revision, passed the House but did not get through the Senate. |
| Knights of Labor (Cleveland) | the first successful national labor union. Went on strike against the Southwest Railroad Sstem |
| Terence V. Powderly (Cleveland) | master of the Southwest Railroad System, arranged term of settlement to the Knights. |
| What were some of Knights demand? (Cleveland) | a grduate income tax, abolition of child labor, temperance, consumers' and producers' cooperatives, and an 8 hour day |
| Haymarket Square | the place where meeting was held to protest the policy brutality of the previous day (policy fired into a group of strikers) |
| What happened at Haymarket Square? | anarchists, socialist, strikers, citizens, formed a crowd. Someone thre a bomb that killed 7 and wounded 66 police offiers. Police charged the crowd with police revolvers. |
| Judge Joseph E. Gary | informed the jury that anyone who had said or written anything that might incite the throwing of the bomb was guilty. The 8 men who were found guilty were anarchists and labor unions. |
| John P. Altgeld | governor of IL 6 years after Haymarket situation. He pardoned the 3 men who was convicted because their trail had been unfair. |
| How did the public see the Knights after Haymarket bombing? | union members were anarchists. This view was encouraged by the press and management to fight the Knight. Knight declined rapidly. |
| Examples of how the Grangers cooperated together | brought supplies collectively; formed insurance companies, reameries general stores, warehouses, and factories. |
| Granges | political, social, and economic club. Had monthly meetings that had entertainments; local officeholders would speak in the meetings; the way to get elected to office in farm community was to be well-known and liked by the Grangers; they had the votes. |
| Munn v. Illinois 1876 | Court ruled that whenever private property was used for public interest, ti stops being only private property and was therefore subject to regulations by the gov. So Illinios law fixing a maximum charge for the storage of grain was constitutional |
| Munn v. Illinois | Court declared it unconstitutional and void the rate-fixing laws of Illinois. This decision made it impossible for states to deal effectively with real railroad abuses |
| The Interstate Commerce Act 1887 - terms | all charges by the railroads had to be reasonable and just; pooling was forbidden; cannot charge more for a short haul than for a long haul; schedules or rates, fares and charges had to be published and posted |
| interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) | set up by the Interstate Commerce Act 1887, enforce Commerce Act terms |
| Pooling | agreement among two or more railroads to charge the same rates in an area. This is to avoid competition in passenger, freight. |
| Was ICC successful? | No, it lack power to make the railroads obey its orders; RAilroads challenge the orders of the ICC in the courts, and in the meantime, continue the bauses the ICC was trying to correct; burden of proof was on the ICC |
| What was the significance of the Interstate Commerce Act? | it was the first federal law to regulate a major private business. |
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