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Dysmorphology
Chest
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Chest "cage" | Enclosure for the thoracic organs |
| 12 pairs of ribs | -All articulate with spinal column posteriorly |
| "True" Ribs | -7 - articulate to sternum |
| "False" Ribs | -5 -Articulate to the costal cartilage above them (Pairs 11 and 12 don't articulate anteriorly |
| Mesoderm | -Skeletal muscles -In the trunk-source of all connective tissues including cartilage, bones, tendons, ligaments, dermis, and stoma of the internal organs |
| Sternum is made up of... | 1. Ribs 2. Sternal Bars 3. Clavicles |
| When the baby is born, the sternum is... | Bone |
| All parts of the sternum should be fused by what week gestation? | 10th |
| Landmarks of chest | 1. Sternal Notch 2. Clavicles 3. Midclavicular line 4. Anterior axillary line 5. Nipples 6. Xiphoid process 7. Costal angle |
| Examination techniques (of the chest) | 1. Inspection 2. Palpation 3. Measurements |
| Inspection of the chest for... | 1. Symmetry 2. Unusual masses 3. Abnormal configuration 4. Shape of thorax 5. Placement of nipples 6. Contour of ribs and sternum 7. Symmetry of chest motions |
| Palpation of the chest for... | 1. Masses 2. Amount of breast tissue |
| Measurements | 1. Internipple distance 2. Total chest circumference |
| Syndromes associated with chest anomalies | 1. Poland 2. Cerebro-costo mandibular syndrome 3. Noon syndrome |
| Minor Variants of chest | 1. Pectus excavatum 2. Pectus carinatum 3. Shield chest |
| Minor anomalies of chest | 1. Fused/bifid ribs |
| Deformations of the chest | 1. Scoliosis |
| Disruptions of the chest | 1. Rare 2. Extreme injury to organs/structures |
| Dysplasias of the chest | 1. Rib involvement (usually lysosomal) 2. Absence/hypoplasia of clavicles (Cleidocranial dysostosis) |
| Malformations of the chest | 1. Absence of the pectoralis major muscle 2. Beaded ribs 3. Short sternum 4. Cleft sternum 5. Ectopia cordis |
| Pectus carinatum | -Minor variant -"Pigeon chest" - Chest if narrow |
| Pectus excavatum | -Minor variant -"Funnel chest" |
| Syndromes associated with Pectus excavatum | -Marfan -Coffin-Lowry |
| Treatment for pectus excavatum | - Nuss (uses a stabilizing bar to pop chest out) - Ravitsch (take out cartilage & put bar in) |
| Treatment for pectus carinatum | - Do a chest wall brace (usually gone within a year), might also have to a Ravitsch procedure |
| Disorder associated with Pectus carinatum | 1. Homocystinuria |
| Shield Chest | - Minor Variant -Widely spaced nipple -Costal angle is a good judgment |
| Syndrome associated with shield chest | -Turner syndrome |
| Fused/bifid ribs | -Minor anomaly -1/ 5000 LB -Usually asymptomatic -More frequently unilateral |
| Scoliosis | -Deformation - Can produce asymmetry of the thorax - Widens intercostal space on one side and narrows the space on the other -Affects breathing and heart -Crouching on one side, expanding on the other |
| Rib Involvement | -Dysplasia -Many bone dysplasias and mucopolysaccharides - Usually widening or cupping of distal ends - X-ray needed -Lysosomal |
| Absence/hypoplasia of clavicles | -Dysplasia - Cleidocranial dysostosis |
| Absence of pectoralis major muscle | -Malformation -Most common chest abnormality -Poland sequence |
| Beaded ribs | -Malformation - Ribs meet sternum= Costochondral junction enlarged |
| Short sternum | -Malformation -Failure of development of one or more ossification centers |
| Cleft sternum | -Malformation |
| Ectopia cordis | -Malformation -Failure of midline fusion - Large cleft sternum, skin coverage may be incomplete, structures exposed -Put a plate to cover the defect |
Created by:
KChatham
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