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Bio
Module 1 Mckenna 300
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| When two distinct individuals are bred to each other | Cross or hybridization |
| offspring | hybrids |
| haploid reproductive cell (egg or sperm) | gamete |
| a strain that produces the same trait each generation of self fertilization | true breeding |
| laws deduced from mathematical observations | empirical approach |
| same allele | homozygous |
| different form of the same gene | allele |
| F1 | first filial generation |
| F2 | second filial generation |
| two different alleles | heterozygous |
| trait that was most common | dominant |
| trait that was least common | recessive |
| trait being sent to offspring as a single unit | unit factors |
| particulate theory of inheritance | genetic determinism |
| two copies of gene segregate from each other during the process that gives rise to gametes | Mendel's law of segregation |
| 100% heterozygous genotypes but 100% phenotype | homozygous parent |
| a pair of traits segregates independently of another pair during gamete formation | Mandel's second law of independent assortment |
| 1. Chromosomes contain genetic material transmitted from parent to offspring | 1.The chromosome Theory of Inheritance |
| 2. Chromosomes are replicated and maintain their individuality | 2. The Chromosome theory of inheritance |
| 3. At meisosis, one of the two memebers of each homologous pair segregates into one daughter nucleus and homoloh segregates into the other daughter nucleus | 3. The chromosomes theory of inheritance |
| During formation of haploid cells, non homologous chromosomes s4. egregate independently from each other | 4. The chromosome theory of inheritance |
| 5. Each parent contributes one set of chromosomes to off spring | 5. The chromosome theory of inheritance |
| Intermediate phenotypes | blending inheritance |
| mutations in heritable material altered development | Mutation theory for variation |
| traits that seemed to be under the influence of a single gene (rare) | simple mendelian inheritance |
| an allele causes an phenotypic change | penetrant |
| alleles that only show affect in one sex due to presence of testosterone or estrogen | sex influenced |
| most common alleles | wild type |
| more than one wild type allele | genetic polymorphism |
| random mutations | mutant alleles |
| decrease in the functional protein | mutant alleles |
| most alleles are recessive | Loss of Function (LOF) |
| function is eliminated entirely | null or amorphic |
| activity of protein or enzyme is reduced or less protein is produced | hypomorphic |
| gains new or abnormal function | Gain of Function |
| overactive, too much protein | hypermorphic |
| new activity, novel function | neomorphic |
| new function antagonizes wild type protein | dominant-negative mutation |
| When 50% of protein is lost due to LOF mutation, the biological effect of the protein is lost | haploinsufficiency |
| degree to which a trait is expressed | expressivity |
| alleles affect phenotype when temperature, photoperiod, or nutrition changes the state of a biological process | environmentally sensitive alleles |
| phenotype is intermediate of homozygous strains | incomplete dominance |
| when heterzygostes have greater reproductive success | overdominance |
| heterozygotes can produce 3 forms of dimer molecule that can increase activity | self dimerization |
| two alleles are both expressed in heterozygous individiual and lead to a unique phenotype | codominance |
| a change in this genen will affect most traits it is expressed in but to different degrees | pleiotropy |
| How do we determine if a phenotypic change is due to one gene or many genes | we cannot assume that two different phenotypes are caused by two different genes |
| an assay where we cross two different phenotypic mutants | complement |
| When LOF mutation in a single gene has no phenotypic effect because another gene product fills the molecular role of the mutated protein | redundancy |
Created by:
solanj
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