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SOC 105
Textbook Chapter 7
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Poverty | a standard of living below the minimum need for the maintenance of adequate diet, health, and shelter |
| The U.S. has one of the highest rates of... | poverty |
| Official poverty line/poverty threshold | the federal definition of poverty- an arbitrary line computed by multiplying the cost of a basic nutritionally adequate diet by three and adjusted for inflation |
| When was the official poverty line/poverty threshold established and by who? | the social security administration in the 1960s |
| There is a wide variation in the cost of living by... | locality |
| Supplemental Poverty Measure (SPM) | developed by the Interagency Technical Working Group that takes into account expenses such as food clothing, shelter, and utilities to measure poverty rates |
| Why is the official poverty line/poverty threshold inadequate? | the poor are likely to be overlooked by the U.S. census and tend to be invisible to the government such as illegal immigrants thus skewing the results of those in poverty |
| Income in the U.S. is unequally distributed by... | race or ethnicity |
| Who is more likely to be poor: women or men? | women due to institutional sexism and disproportionate paying in jobs (men earn more than women in the same job) |
| The ____ the child, the greater the probability of living in poverty | younger |
| Persistent poverty counties | counties in the U.S. where more than 20% of the people live below the poverty line; overwhelmingly rural |
| Extreme-poverty neighborhoods | areas in the U.S. where more than 40% of the people live below the poverty line |
| Implications of the spatial concentration of poverty | limited educational opportunities, reduction in services and elimination of local jobs as businesses relocate to higher income areas, increased burden on local services, declining housing conditions, and high incidence of poor physical & mental health |
| Poverty is greatest among those without... | an established residence |
| Severely poor | people whose cash incomes are at half the poverty line or less |
| Myths about poverty | "just get a job", and "the poor get special advantages", |
| The poor are disproportionately represented in what categories? | Blacks, Hispanics, children, and women (especially female-headed households) |
| How do the 1996 reform of the federal welfare program change it? | assistance programs were drastically cut, time limits were set for welfare recipients, and recipients were required to find work within two years |
| Most governmental assistance is targeted to... | the affluent rather than the poor; tax expenditures and other subsidies provide enormous benefits to the already affluent |
| Deficiency theory | the cause of poverty is the result of the individual and their characteristics or behaviors |
| Social Darwinism | the belief that the place of people in the social stratification system is a function of their ability and effort; certain categories of people are disadvantaged because they are less mentally endowed |
| Meritocracy | social classification system by ability |
| Blaming the victim | the belief that some individuals are poor, criminals, or school dropouts because they have a flaw within them, which ignores the social factors affecting their behaviors |
| self-fulfilling prophecy | an event that occurs because it is predicted- people alter behavior to conform to prediction |
| Culture-of-poverty hypothesis | contends that the poor are qualitatively different in values and lifestyles from the rest of society and that these cultural differences explain continued poverty |
| Structural theory | states that how society is organized creates poverty and makes certain kinds of people especially vulnerable to being poor |
| Institutional Discrimination | when discrimination has been incorporated into the structures, processes, and procedures of an organization or social institution |
| How do maximizing profits work to promote poverty? | employers are constrained to pay their workers the least amount possible in wages and benefits, maintaining a surplus of undereducated and desperate laborers who will work for low wages, employers make investment decisions without regard for employees |
| Poverty is correlated with... | crime, teenage pregnancy, divorce, poor health, and a host of societal problems; economic costs of poverty are high |
| The elimination of poverty requires... | program based on poverty resulting from a lack of resources, recognition that poverty cannot be eliminated by the private sector, a rising economy alone, or charity, & seeing that poverty is nationwide & must be attacked by federal programs |
| The __________, set by the Social Security Administration, is based on what is considered to be the minimal amount of income needed to provide for a subsistence level of life. | official poverty line |
| Melinda couldn’t collect any welfare benefits to help support herself and her two children because she earned $200 more per year at her part-time job at Walmart than the official poverty line. This exemplifies __________. | the arbitrary nature of the poverty line |
| The main increase in the number of poor since 1979 has been among the __________ poor. | working |
| Most government monies and services go to __________. | the wealthy |
| Bill makes $85,000 a year. Steven makes $23,000. When Bill and Steve shop at the local mall, they both pay the same amount of sales tax on their purchases. This system exemplifies __________. | a regressive tax structure |
| Social Darwinism explains social inequality as the result of __________. | biological differences in ability and intelligence |
| Children from high poverty communities often do poorly in school because they understand that the meritocratic opportunity structure is not going to equally reward them. What concept best describes this phenomenon? | self-fulfilling prophecy |
| __________ is correlated with many other social problems, such as crime, teenage pregnancy, and divorce. | poverty |
| There is much empirical evidence that demonstrates the relationship between __________, life changes, and health outcomes. | socioeconomic status |
| When thinking about solutions to alleviating poverty, __________ often take precedence over __________. | humanitarian solutions; economic solutions |
| Data on race and other social characteristics show that income in the United States is unequally distributed by race. Which of the following households make the HIGHEST and the LOWEST family incomes? | Asian American, African American |
| Initially, interest rates on “payday loans” could be as high as __________ percent. | 400 |
| The United States has a __________ infant mortality rate than most other industrialized countries. | higher |
| In his book, The Other America, Michael Harrington states that the poor exist because of social conditions. Social structures in society are inherently built on racism and sexism. This is known as __________. | institutional discrimination |
| Children in __________ families are more likely than children in __________ families to __________. | poor; middle-class; drop out of school |
| When Bruce lost his job, the interruption of his income caused him to lose his house and have his car repossessed. Now he is having trouble affording enough food to feed his family. This exemplifies __________. | the new poor |
| “I don’t mind owning a mansion. I had to borrow $300,000 from the bank, but I got to claim all the interest and property taxes on my federal taxes. In the end, I am likely to make more money by using this as an investment!” This exemplifies __________. | wealthfare |
| Due to the shifts in the job markets, __________ and __________ have very different experiences. | the old poor; the new poor |
| What is the underlying assumption of the culture of poverty thesis? | poverty is perpetuated by a harmful culture |
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