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Period 6
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Gilded Age(1865-1898) | A period of not expansion but now settling |
| Transcontinental Railroad | A railroad that connected the East and West regions of America |
| Central Pacific Railroad | Built from West to East Generally Asian Immigrants |
| Union Pacific Railroad | Built from East to West Generally European Immigrants |
| Promontory Point, Utah(1869) | The point where the railroad was finished |
| Government Contract | Paid money for building the railroad lines Paid more for building more |
| Chinese Immigrants | Chinese men were hired to work the construction of the Western line Faced discrimination & unequal treatment |
| First Railroad Strike(1867) | Started by Chinese laborers |
| Railroad Corruption Scandal | Under Grant Administration Construction scam conducted by Union Pacific Railroad Executives pocketed a lot of money |
| US Census closed(1890) | Census officially closed the frontier(settled) |
| Turner's Frontier Thesis(1893) | Frontier was symbolic of independence, rugged individualism, economic opportunity, and equality |
| Cowboys | Were meant to herd cows Made up of a very diverse group of people |
| The Long Driver(1866-1888) | Over 6 million cattle are driven north from Texas Railroads help start and end the Long Drive |
| Homestead Act(1862) | Promoted settlement of the Great Plains Homesteaders would raise ranches and work the land |
| Mining Boom | Miners find copper for electrical age Though job was hard from heat, dangers, and stuff |
| California Gold Rush(1848) | Caused 1st flood of newcomers |
| Pikes Peak Gold Rush & Comstock Lode Silver Rush(1859) | Created boomtowns overnight Towns that had saloons(bars) and vigilante justice Dozens of different cultural and ethnic groups |
| Sioux Treaty/ Laramie Treaty(1851) | Cuz of gold rush, lots of people inflooding Native land Treaty to prevent this 2nd treaty in 1868 but not enforced still |
| Battle of Bighorn(1876) | Sitting Bull leads a coalition of tribes to defend land Last significant Native American victory |
| Sitting Bull | Was the Native leader of the Lakota tribe |
| US vs Sioux Nation of Indians(1980) | Supreme Court ruled that tribals lands covered under Laramie Treaty and the tribes were owed land Tribes want land, not the money that is offered |
| Extermination of Buffalo | Buffalo was essential to the Natives Were hunted to the point of extinction |
| Indian Appropriation Act(1871) | Ended recognition of tribes as independent nations and nullified all previous treaties Loss of sovereignty |
| Dawes Act(1887) | Act designed to break up tribal organizations Divided tribal lands into plots of acres and many were sold |
| Carlisle Indian Industrial School(1879-1918) | Designed to "educate & civilize" Natives A model for schools of reservation |
| Sand Creek Massacre(1864) | US army carried out surprise attack on Native tribes |
| Ghost Dance | Last effort to try to preserve their culture Government viewed it as weird and with distrust |
| The Gilded Age(1865-1900) | Considered the 2nd Industrial Revolution Unprecedented prosperity and economic growth on the surface Deep rooted problems beneath the surface |
| Gilded | Gold plated but ugly on the inside |
| Team Captains | Cornelius Vanderbilt(Shipping & Railroads) Andrew Carnegie(Steel) J.P. Morgan(Banking) John Rockefeller(Oil) |
| Laissez-Faire Capitalism | Hands off that was the standard |
| Social Darwinism | Survival of the fittest is applied to society |
| Gospel of Wealth(1889) | Allows businesses and wealthy to accumulate wealth but still can return that wealth to the people |
| Vertical Integration | Owning the means of production for the good |
| Horizontal Integration | Merging or acquiring another of the same industry |
| Monopoly | Business that dominates & controls all aspects of the market for a good |
| Trusts | Groups of businesses who work together to achieve the same level of control asa monopoly |
| Henry Bessemer and Bessemer Process(1856) | New processing method for steel Increased output and quality of metal products |
| Telegraph(1844) | Connected the world and nation industries through improvement in communication |
| Alexander Graham Bell and the Telephone(1876) | Developed from expansion of communication and its capabilities to spread info |
| Thomas Edison and Electricity | Improvement of electrical capabilities led industries use less water power |
| Menlo Park | Laboratory that housed some of the best scientists Where lightbulb was invented |
| Child Labor | Children were hired for simple work but paid less |
| National Labor Union(1866) | First attempt to organize workers in all states Campaigned for better working hours and wages |
| Knights of Labor(1869) | Opened its membership to all members including African Americans Advocated for abolition of child labor |
| Union Busting Techniques | Lockouts: Closing factories to break movements Blacklisting: Names of pro-union workers circulating Yellow-dog contracts: Workers had to sign agreement to not join a union |
| Great Railroad Strike(1877) | One of the worst labor outbreaks More than 100 were killed Railroad company had cut wages to adopt the new costs |
| Haymarket Bombing(1866) | Workers held a meeting in Haymarket square Police attempted to break it up and someone threw a bomb People viewed Union movements as too radical and violent |
| Pullman Strike(1892) | Pullman had cut wages and fired those who attempted to bargain with him Workers ended up laying down tools and went to Union Union leaders were arrested |
| Homestead Strike(1894) | Cut wages by a lot Used weapons and guards to put down the proceeding strike |
| Wabash vs Illinois(1886) | Supreme court case where states cannot pass laws to regulate railroads Used 14th amendment to protect corporations` |
| Interstate Commerce Act(1886) | Required railroad rate to be "reasonable & just" Set up ILL with power to investigate violence But ILL was prone to corruption |
| Sherman Antitrust Act(1890) | First measure by Congress to restrict trusts forming Badly worded so trouble reinforcing A supreme court case that only applied to commerce not manufacturing |
| First wave of Immigration(1607-1830) | Was mostly English, Dutch, and French Came for political/economic purposes Easily assimilated |
| 2nd wave of Immigration(1830-1880s) | Was mostly Irish, Germans, & Chinese Ran from famine & war Came for economic prosperity |
| 3rd wave of Immigration(1880-1920s) | Was mostly Southern/Eastern Europeans Came for economic/political reasons |
| Chinese Exclusion Act(1882) | Placed a ban on all new immigrants from China |
| Immigration Act(1882) | Restricted immigration of those who were poor, convicts, criminals, etc. |
| Ellis Island(1892) | Immigration center |
| Ethnic Neighborhoods | Maintained culture, language, religion, etc. More difficulty assimilating Landlords divided up existing buildings so super crammed |
| Urbanization | Industrial jobs brought people to the cities(international/internal migration) Supported by new tech-streetcars |
| Tenement House Act of 1867 | Required fire escapes from suites as well as windows in each room |
| Tenement Reform Law of 1879 | Set minimum requirement for "fresh air" |
| Political Machines | Controlled politics in major cities |
| Political Bosses | Head of these political machines Gave out jobs and opportunities for votes |
| Social Gospel Movement | Christianity said stuff about having to deal with urban poverty |
| Know-Nothing Party(1850) | The nativist feeling begins to fade after Civil War |
| Chinese Exclusion Act(1882) | Banned new immigrants from China & prohibited citizenship |
| Immigration Act(1882) | Banned immigration of "undesirable" peoples |
| Contract Labor Law(1885) | Restricted temporary workers to protect American workers |
| Literacy tests | Tests for immigrants |
| Party Patronage | Loyal party members get the jobs No more platforms and all that |
| Gilded Age Republicans | Were pro-business Favor of high protective tariffs |
| Gilded Age Democrats | Solid South Pro-business Low tariffs |
| Settlement Houses | Inspired middle-class reformers to settle into immigrant neighborhoods to relieve effects of poverty |
| Halfbreeds | Republicans were split and factions called each other halfbreeds |
| Mugwumps | Those on Republicans that did NOT utilize patronage |
| Election of 1880 | Republicans narrowly win with Garfield |
| Andrew Garfield | Considered a halfbreed |
| Hard vs Soft money | Biggest debate for politics was over how to expand money system Whether to be backed by gold standard and what not |
| Greenback Party | Supported paper money not back by anything Though this did happen to die out quickly |
| Election of 1888 | Republicans won under platform for high tariffs |
| The Populist Party(1896) | Party emerges from frustrated farmers demanding more wealth Not seeing success from industrialization |
| Election of 1896 | Democrats are divided over the gold/silver debate Republican McKinley wins Marks the transition into the progressive era |
| Cross of Gold speech | William Jennings Bryan emerges as "silver" candidate and gives some speech how America won't die on the cross of gold |
| Abuse of Gilded Age | Led to a depression in the 1890s and rise of Radicalism |
| Progressive Era(1892-1917) | Gilded Age transition into reform |
| Muckrakers | Writers who provided detailed info about corruption Was originally insult but coined by writers |
| American Socialist Party | Few radicals who established the Socialist party Promote workers solidarity |
| The Progressives | Mostly made up of middle class Use govt as agency of human welfare |
| Photographers | Writers and photographers brought attention to the terrible living conditions, workers rights, food quality, urbanization etc. |
| Tenement House Act of 1901 | First such laws to ban construction of dark and poorly ventilated tenement buildings in New York |
| Elkins Act(1903) | Strengthened regulatory of ICC to stop railroads from granting rebates to favored customers |
| Rebates | Refund to peeps |
| Hepburn Act(1906) | More ICC sstrenghtening |
| Pure Food and Drug Act(1906) | Forbade manufactured , sale, or transportation of mislabeled food |
| Clayton Antitrust Act(1914) | Strengthened provision of Sherman Antitrust Act |
| Reform, Acts, and Amendments | Just a whole bunch of improvements |
| New South | Urges South to abandon agrarian econ for a modern econ with industry |
| Sharecropping | owners allow tenants to use land in return for a share of crops |
| Booker T Washington | Focused on progress of civil reform through education and econ |
| Progressive Era Presidents | Teddy Roosevelt, Taft, Wilson |
| Square deal | Teddy wanted fairness to labor, capital, and public Would essential mediate |
| Good vs Bad trusts | Good trusts would create products and not abuse powers |
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