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ap section 2 vocab
agriculture
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| First Agricultural Revolution | was the transition of humans from nomadic hunting/gathering to sedentary agricultural production of domesticated plants and animals. |
| Second Agricultural Revolution | took place first in England in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries.It involved the introduction of new crop rotation techniques and selective breeding of livestock, and led to a marked increase in agricultural production. |
| Green Revolution | was a response to an exponential increase in the global human population (from 2.5 billion in 1950 to 6 billion in 2000) and advances in technology that allowed for the mass production of chemical fertilizers |
| Columbian Exchange | The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages. |
| Intensive Farming | Any kind of agricultural activity that involves effective and efficient use of labor on small plots of land to maximize crop yield. |
| Extensive Farming | yields a large amount of output per acre through less intensive farming (uses a large amount of land) |
| Market Gardening | The small scale production of fruits, vegetables, and flowers as cash crops sold directly to local consumers |
| Plantation Agriculture | defined by the production of one or more usually cash crops on a large swathe of land. It is most common in tropical climates where cash crops generally grow more naturally |
| Mixed Crop/Livestock | the production of animals and crops on the same farm, or the use of animals to help produce crops and vice versa. Animal waste can be used as fertilizer for the plants, and in return, the plants help supply the animals with food |
| Shifting Cultivation | an agricultural system in which plots of land are cultivated temporarily, then abandoned and allowed to revert to their natural vegetation while the cultivator moves on to another plot |
| Slash and Burn | Often used in Shifting Cultivation. cultivation of crops in tropical forest clearings in which the forest vegetation has been removed by cutting and burning |
| Nomadic Herding | a nomadic lifestyle, where the people move with their flocks to take advantage of seasonal changes, favorable climates, and so on |
| Wet-Rice Dominant Subsistence | A form of subsistence agriculture in which farmers must expend a relatively large amount of effort to produce the maximum possible yield from a parcel of land. |
| Ranching | a type of commercial farming in which the livestock (usually cattle) is allowed to roam over an established area |
| Metes and Bounds | A system of land surveying east of the Appalachian mountain, relies on land descriptions of land ownership and natural features such as streams or trees |
| Township and Range | A rectangular land division scheme designed by Thomas Jefferson to disperse settlers evenly across farmlands of the U.S. interior |
| Long Lot | houses erected on narrow lots perpendicular to a long river, so that each original settler had equal river access |
| Subsistence Farming | farming just enough to grow enough food to survive, usually in poorer areas. |
| Commercial Farming | farming on a large level to turn profit. |
| Monocropping | the agricultural practice of growing a single crop year after year on the same land |
| Monoculture | the deliberate cultivation of only one single crop in a large land area. |
| Bid-Rent Theory | refers to how the price and demand for real estate change as the distance from the central business district (CBD) increases. It states that different land users will compete with one another for land close to the city centre. |
| Commodity Chain | a process used to gather resources, transform them into goods or commodities, and finally, distribute them to consumers. It is a series of links connecting the many places of production and distribution and resulting in a commodity that is then exchanged |
| Von Thunen Theory | .City at center, market gardening and dairy in first ring, timber in second ring, grains and field crops in the next ring, and ranching and livestock in the last ring. |
| Desertification | the process by which previously fertile lands become arid and unusable for farming |
| Soil Salinization | Loss of the top fertile layer of soil is lost through erosion. It is a tremendous problem in areas with fragile soils, steep slopes, or torrential seasonal rains. |
| Biotechnology | any technological innovation that is designed to improve the usefulness of plant and animals species for human agricultural purposes |
| Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) | a crop whose genetic structure has been altered to make it more useful and efficient for human purposes. |
| Aquaculture | The science, art, and business of cultivating marine or freshwater food fish or shellfish, such as oysters, clams, salmon, and trout, under controlled conditions. |
| Urban Farming | the practice of cultivating, processing, and distributing food in or around a village, town, or city |
| Community-Supported Agriculture | network between agricultural producers and consumers whereby consumers pledge support to farming operations in order to receive a share of the output from farming operations |
| Organic Farming | approach to farming and ranching that avoids the use of herbicides, pesticides, growth hormones, and other similar synthetic inputs. |
| Value-Added Speciality Crops | goods have some other product in them or item attached to them to make them unique and able to sell at higher price. Like grapes into wine or potatoes into fries. |
| Fair Trade | a concept used in developing countries to help create sustainability. Producers, farmers, and craftspeople are paid fair prices for their products, and workers get fair wages. |
| Crop Rotation | The practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year, to avoid exhausting the soil. |
| Dairy Farm | Farm meant to milk cows |
| Deforestation | the destruction of forest or forested areas by human or natural means. |
| Double Cropping | Harvesting twice a year from the same field. |
| Food Deserts | parts of the country vapid of fresh fruit, vegetables, and other healthful whole foods, usually found in impoverished areas |
| Food Security | when all people at all times have access to sufficient, safe, nutritious food to maintain a healthy and active life |
| Horticulture | The growing of fruits, vegetables, and flowers. Truck farming/market gardening. |
| Mechanized Farming | Farming with the use of heavy machinery that will make the work easier. |
| Mediterranean Agriculture | Growing what you can in the climate of the mediterranean sea, the rocky climate with dry mild summers and whatnot. |
| Milkshed | The area surrounding a city from which milk is supplied. Example: A milkshed could be 100 miles around a city. |
| Agribusiness | a very large and powerful sector in the U.S. Agriculture. Definition: The deliberate effort to modify a portion of Earth's surface through the cultivation of crops and the raising of livestock for sustenance or economic gain |
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chloe_kinirons
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