Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
AH M4 Review
American History Module 4 Review
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Transcontinental Railroad | A train route built from 1862-1869 that connected the United States’ eastern and western coasts and made western settlement easier for pioneers. |
| Homestead Act | Turned over 160-acre parcels of land in the west that were in the “public domain” to private citizens. |
| Exoduster | Black settlers in the west that were former slaves. |
| Morrill Act | Provided grants of land to states in order to help finance colleges that specialized in “agriculture and mechanical arts.” |
| Steel Plow | A farming tool used to break up tough soil. |
| Mechanical Reaper | A farming tool used to harvest crops mechanically. |
| Cotton Gin | A machine that changed the production of cotton by removing the seeds from the cotton fiber. |
| Rainfall Follows the Plow | Misinformation that by cultivating the soil, this would allow more rainfall to be absorbed into the soil, which would then evaporate into the atmosphere and in turn cause rain. |
| Comstock Lode | The first major silver and gold deposit discovered in US history. It was found by Henry Comstock in 1859 in Nevada. |
| Long Drive | Cattlemen brought free roaming cattle from areas like Texas to railroad stations to be shipped to urban areas for sale. |
| Assimilation | The official policy of the American government aimed at destroying American Indian culture and getting American Indians to participate in the western economic marketplace and cultural norms. |
| Sand Creek Massacre | A massacre of 230 Cheyenne and Arapoho people led by Colonel Chivington in 1864 on American Indian land during peace talks that caused distrust from American Indian tribes moving forward and fueled other conflicts. |
| Fetterman's Massacre | An ambush in 1866 led by Crazy Horse on American troops which lured Lieutenant Colonel William Fetterman and his soldiers into a trap killing 81 troopers. |
| Ghost Dance | Involved revitalizing American Indian culture and promoting ideas of the returning of the dead (hence, “ghost”), outing white settlers, and restoring American Indian lands, foods, supplies, and way of life with both music and dance which would bring about visions and healing. |
| Lieutenant Colonel George Custer | A commander for the union during the American Civil war and a commander for the US army in the American Indian wars. |
| Sitting Bull | A Teton Dakota Native American Chief who united the Sioux tribes against white settlers taking their land. |
| Battle of Little Bighorn | A battle between American troops led by Lieutenant Colonel George Custer and American Indian warriors led by Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse in which Custer confronted the American Indians, but was quickly overwhelmed and defeated with his 200 men dying with him. |
| Chief Joseph | A leader of the Nez Perce tribe with initially strong relations with the United States which ended when his tribe was forced to leave tribal lands and some of his tribesmen retaliated against US troops. Chief Joseph was able to outmaneuver US troops for 1000 miles, with the loss of 200 of his men, and negotiate a safe return to reservation land. |
| Dawes Severalty Act | Allowed the US government to break up US tribal lands with the goal of assimilating Native Americans into US culture by encouraging them to farm individual plots of land. |
| Geronimo | An Apache leader who was known for his resistance to the removal of his people from their tribal lands and frequent escape from captivity. The last American Indian Chief to formally surrender to the US army. |
| Wounded Knee Massacre | In 1890, US army troops slaughtered approximately 150-300 Lakota Indians near Wounded Knee Creek in southwestern South Dakota. It ended resistance to reservation life and assimilation to white American culture. |
| Gilded Age | Took place in the late 1800’s and was a period of the fastest economic growth in US History that was accompanied by serious social problems. |
| Frederick Taylor | Came up with the idea of scientific management which was to study the production process of a good and analyze it for labor efficiency. |
| Frederick Winslow Turner | Observed that machinery could be used to increase efficiency by allowing workers to make few motions in less time. |
| Mass Production | Manufacturing of large amounts of standard products. |
| Machine Shop | A place of production where many unskilled workers would perform simple and repetitive tasks using factory machines under the direction of skilled workers. |
| Consumerism | The focus of society on acquiring more goods. |
| Robber Baron | Someone that used morally wrong methods to get rid of their competition and take over the industry with little empathy for those that worked for them. |
| Captain of Industry | Those that made their wealth and used it in ways that would benefit society such as providing more jobs or increasing productivity. |
| Andrew Carnegie | Made a fortune by being a dominant force in the steel industry and then donated much of his money to various causes. He wrote the “Gospel of Wealth” which argued it was the responsibility of the wealthy to promote the general good. |
| John D. Rockefeller | Created his fortune by controlling the majority of the oil industry and then donated much of his wealth to different causes as well. |
| Monopoly | When a company has total control over an industry. |
| Trust | When there is an organization of several businesses that join forces and control production or distribution of a product or service. |
| Horizontal Integration | When companies buy or merge with their competitors giving them more control of the market. |
| Vertical Integration | When a company succeeds in taking over all the aspects of production in an industry so that they are the only business reasonably capable of producing or distributing the product. |
| Laissez-Faire Economics | The idea that the government should stay “hands-off” when it came to the market. |
| Social Darwinism | The idea that people who were successful were that way because they were biologically and socially the “fittest” and that it would be wrong to help the poor because only the fittest should survive. |
| New Immigrants | Tended to be from southern and eastern Europe, Asia, and Mexico. |
| Ellis Island | Immigrant station in New York. |
| Angel Island | Immigrant station in San Francisco. |
| Nativists | People who want to preserve status for the existing inhabitants of a country compared to immigrants because they believe immigrants will spoil existing cultural values. |
| Xenophobia | A strong aversion to foreigners. |
| Know-Nothing Party | Political Party formed to advance the agenda of nativists. |
| Gentleman’s Agreement | An agreement between Japan and the United States to limit Japanese immigration to the United States. |
| Chinese Exclusion Act | Suspended Chinese immigration for ten years and stated that Chinese immigrants could not become citizens. |
| Ethnic Neighborhoods | Neighborhoods that immigrants often felt safe and comfortable in due to being surrounded by people from their homelands. It became a way to preserve some of their culture as well. |
| Democrats | A political party that primarily attracted white southerners and urban northeasterners (especially Irish and German immigrants) during the Gilded Age. They opposed protective tariffs, prized personal liberty over reforms, and operated political machines. |
| Republicans | A political party that primarily attracted rural northerners and westerners along with African American men during the Gilded Age. They helped to secure Civil Rights during Reconstruction, fought to expand businesses and infrastructure, supported tariffs, and supported a “hard money” policy. |
| Black Friday | The collapse of the gold market on September 24th, 1869 and a scandal that occurred under President Ulysses S. Grant. |
| Salary Grab Act | Signed by President Ulysses S. Grant, was passed in 1873, and doubled the salary of many government officials following his second term and even paid them retroactively to the beginning of their terms. |
| Whiskey Ring | Involved whiskey distillers, IRS agents, and other government officials appointed by President Ulysses S. Grant taking liquor tax revenue and putting it into their personal pockets or campaign funds. |
| Populist Party | Also known as the People’s Party, this was the third party formed to protect the interest of farmers. |
| Political Machines | Corrupt organizations that had a political party boss distribute food, jobs, money, and training opportunities to immigrants. Immigrants were expected to vote how the machine told them to as repayment. |
| Political Machines | The most famous political machine which was located in New York City. |
| William "Boss" Tweed | He strong-armed politics in Tammany Hall in New York City from the mid-1850’s to 1871 when he was arrested for a variety of charges including corruption, embezzlement, and fraud. |
| Progressive Era | Period from the 1890’s to the 1920’s and included deep social and political reforms to improve American society. |
| Jane Addams | Founded the Hull House in Chicago which supported immigrants in assimilating into life in America. |
| Hepburn Act | Prevented railroads from raising rates without approval. |
| Meat Inspection Act | Ensured that livestock was processed under sanitary conditions. |
| NAACP | Established in 1909 and is America’s oldest and largest civil rights organization. It was established in response to violence against African-Americans and to advocate for the rights of minorities. |
| Woman’s Christian Temperance Union | One of the most influential women’s groups during the 18th and 19th centuries and advocated for issues such as prohibition, labor laws, prison reform, and women’s right to vote. |
| Prohibition | The banning of the making and selling of alcohol under the 18th amendment which was in place from 1919 to 1933. |
| Suffrage | Women’s right to vote. |
| Nineteenth Amendment | Ratified in 1920 which gave women the right to vote. |
| Muckrakers | Journalists and novelists who worked to expose corruption in businesses and government during the Progressive Era. |
| Ida Tarbell | A journalist best known for her exposé on the Standard Oil Company, their monopoly on oil, and their unfair business practices. |
| Ida B. Wells | Used journalism to help expose the harsh realities of life for African-Americans in the South, particularly white mob violence against African-Americans and lynching. |
| Jacob Riis | A reporter and photographer who wrote the book How The Other Half Lives which described the conditions of poverty in New York City. He used his photography skills to help demonstrate the conditions of tenement life described in his book. |
| Tenements | Buildings shared by multiple people like apartments. During the Gilded Age, tenements were cheaply made, run-down, and overcrowded. |
| Upton Sinclair | A journalist and novelist who wrote The Jungle which exposed the conditions of the meat packing industry and the conditions of the workers in the industry. |
| Booker T. Washington | Founded the Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institution. He thought the best way for African-Americans to challenge discrimination was to improve themselves through hard work. |
| W.E.B. Du Bois | Co-founded the NAACP. He thought that African-Americans should be given complete legal equality and resist segregation to earn full rights. |
| Unions | Organizations that work to protect worker’s wages, hours, and working conditions. They could also protect workers from being fired while advocating for changes in their conditions. |
| Knights of Labor | The first major labor organization founded in 1869 which included both unskilled and skilled workers. Some of the things they advocated for included an 8 hour work day, outlawing child labor, and also laborer ownership in the corporations they worked for. |
| Haymarket Square Riot | A labor protest outside of Chicago which turned into a riot when someone threw a bomb at police. Due to the violence that day, almost 8 people died. Despite minimal evidence, 8 labor activists were arrested and convicted due to their connection with the bombings. |
| Strike | When laborers refuse to work, and also try to prevent others from being hired in their place while they are not working, which causes corporations to lose production time and money. |
| Homestead Strike | Took place in 1892 at Andrew Carnegie’s Steel Company and led to a gun battle between steelworkers in the union and a group of men hired by Carnegie to break the strike. Ultimately, steelworkers lost the strike. |
| Pullman Strike | Took place at a sleeping car manufacturing company outside of Chicago and escalated into a national railroad strike. The railroad companies ultimately put US mail onto the trains which caused the federal government to get involved and end the strike. |
| Anthracite Coal Strike | In 1902, coal miners, who faced dangerous conditions and were underpaid, went on strike for 162 days. This strike impacted the nation and caused a coal shortage. President Theodore Roosevelt threatened the owners of the coal mine that they needed to bargain with the union or the federal government would take control of the mines. |
| The National Labor Relations Act | A law that guaranteed the right of private sector employees to organize in unions, collective bargains, and strikes. |
| The Fair Labor Standards Act | Set a national minimum wage, a maximum number of hours for workers in interstate commerce, and placed limitations for child labor by prohibiting children under 16 from working in manufacturing and mining. |
| Muller v Oregon | The US Supreme Court upheld an Oregon state law which had limited the workday of women to ten hours a day. This set a precedent for states to be able to pass protective legislation for laborers. |
Created by:
dmcsorley13
Popular Social Studies sets