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AP PSYCHOLOGY VOCAB
THINKING
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| prototype | A "typical" member of a category, one with the most defining features of that category; an ideal version to represent a category |
| framing | wording a question or statement so it evokes a desired response |
| belief perseverance | clinging to beliefs despite obvious evidence against |
| babbling stage | experimentation with phonemes; can produce phonemes in any language |
| functional fixedness | the tendency to perceive an item only in terms of its most common use |
| grammar | system of rules in a language enabling us to communicate properly |
| language | spoken, written, or signed words and symbols that we combine together to form and communicate meaning |
| linguistic determinism | Whorf's hypothesis that language controls the way we think and interpret the world around us |
| cognition | the mental activities & processes associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, & communicating info |
| Concept | a label or mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, & people |
| creativity | the ability to produce new and valuable ideas |
| Algorithm | rules that guarantee right answer |
| heuristic | mental shortcuts to solve problems; error-prone compared to algorithms |
| representativeness heuristic | judging a situation based on how similar aspects of the problem are to prototypes you hold in your mind (stereotyping) |
| availability heuristic | judging a situation based on examples that initially come to mind (vivid examples) |
| Insight | sudden realization of problem's solution; contrasts with strategy based solutions (AHA moment) |
| Confirmation bias | searching for information that supports our preconceived notions (regardless of their accuracy) |
| Fixation | inability to see a problem from a new perspective; hinders problem solving abilities |
| mental set | rigidity; tendency to fall into established patterns of thought |
| Overconfidence | tendency to be more confident than correct; overestimate accuracy of beliefs and judgements |
| mental retardation | a condition of limited mental ability, indicated by an intelligence score of 70 or below and difficulty in adapting to the demands of life; varies from mild to profound |
| Morpheme | smallest unit of meaningful sound in language; can be words or parts of words (roots) |
| one-word stage | speak in single word phrases (called holophrases) |
| two-word stage | (telegraphic speech) toddlers combine words they can into simple commands; the meaning is clear but the syntax is absent; grammar rules are often misapplied |
| phoneme | smallest unit of sound in language; english has about 44 |
| semantics | language set of rules to derive meaning from sound |
| stereotype threat | a self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype |
| synthax | order in which words are spoken to create meaning; rules to combine words in a sensible way |
| belief bias | the tendency for one's preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning, sometimes by making invalid conclusions seem valid, or valid conclusions seem invalid |
Created by:
leah_h
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