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AP Human unit 4
AP Human Geography unit 4 review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Compact state | state where distance from the center to any boundary does not vary significantly Ex. Macedonia, Egypt |
| Prorupted State | state with an otherwise compact shape with a large projecting extension. Ex. Thailand |
| Elongated State | state with a long and narrow shape Ex. Chile |
| Fragmented State | state with several discontinuous pieces of territory Ex. Indonesia |
| Perforated State | state that completely surrounds another Ex. South Africa |
| Landlocked State | state that lacks a direct outlet to the sea because it is completely surrounded by several other countries Ex. Uganda |
| Frontier Boundary | zone where no state exercises complete political control (very few exist today) Ex. NK and SK? |
| Physical Boundary | boundary that coincides with significant features of the natural landscape Ex. Chile and Argentina |
| Geometric Boundary | boundary along an agreed upon straight line Ex. US and Canada border |
| Cultural Boundary | boundary that follows the distribution of cultural characteristics Ex. India and Pakistan- religion |
| Subsequent Boundary | boundary drawn after a population has established itself and respects existing spatial patterns of certain social, cultural and ethnic groups. Ex. Ireland and Northern Ireland |
| Antecedent Boundary | boundary given to a region before it has a population so it does not have much significance until it is populated. Ex. US and Canada |
| Superimposed Boundary | boundary drawn after a population has settled and does not pay much attention to the social, cultural, and ethnic compositions of populations that they divide. Ex. division of African countries |
| Relict Boundary | national border that no longer exists but has left an imprint on the local cultural or environmental geography. Ex. Berlin Wall |
| Sovereignty | boundary along an agreed upon straight line Ex. US and Canada border |
| Colony | territory that is legally tied to a sovereign state, rather than being completely independent |
| Nation | group of people with a common political identity, but does not necessarily have a state |
| Nation state | geographically defined sovereign state composed of citizens with a common heritage, identity, and set of political goals (rare) |
| Stateless nation | Nation that is fighting to establish their own state |
| Unitary state | Government structure that places most power in the hands of central government officials |
| Federal state | Government structure that allocates strong power to units of local government with the country |
| Reapportionment | Redrawing electoral districts after each census |
| Gerrymandering | process of redrawing legislative boundaries for the purpose of benefiting the party in power |
| Centrifugal force | force that pulls countries apart and include regionalism, ethnic strife, and territorial disputes |
| Centripetal force | bind countries together and include strong national institutions, a sense of common history, and a reliance on strong central government. Ex. 9/11 |
| International organization | alliance of two or more countries seeking cooperation without giving up their own self-determination |
| Terrorism | systematic use of violence by a group in order to intimidate a population or coerce a government into granting its demands |
| Organic theory | believed that nations must expand their land base in order to maintain vibrancy. Disbanded after Hitler used this to expand Germany |
| Heartland theory | the great geographical pivot point of all human history was in northern and central Asia, the most populous landmass on Earth, and he who rules the heartland, rules the world. |
| State | an area organized into a political unit and ruled by an established government that has control over its internal and foreign affairs (country is a synonym) |
| City-state | first states to evolve in Mesopotamia and ancient world- sovereign state that comprises a town and the surrounding countryside |
| Empire | extensive group of states Ex. Roman |
| Balkanization | contentious political process by which a state may break up into smaller countries |
| Irredentism | political or popular movement intended to reclaim and reoccupy an area considered lost or unredeemed. Justified on the basis of real or imagined national and historic or ethnic affiliation. Ex. Palestinians, Kurds, Jewish Homeland |
| Self-determination | Ethnicities have the right to govern themselves |
| Multinational state | Contains 2 or more ethnic groups with traditions of self-determination that agree to coexist peacefully by recognizing each other as distinct nationalities Ex. UK |
| Multi-state nation | A group of people with a shared ethnic or linguistic culture that resides in multiple states Ex. Kurds |
| Autonomous regions | an area of a country that has a degree of autonomy, or has freedom from an external authority. |
| Semi-autonomous regions | area where a group has some type of political autonomy |
| Colonialism | Effort of one country to establish settlements and to impose its political, economic, and cultural principles on a territory. |
| Imperialism | Political or economic control of an area either formally or informally to expand/create an empire |
| Separatism | The advocacy or practice of separation of a certain group of people from a larger body on the basis of ethnicity, religion or gender. Often searching for self-determination Ex. Catalonia, Spain or Scotland, UK |
| Neocolonialism | Practice of using capitalism, globalization, and cultural imperialism to influence LDCs instead of previous direct colonial methods. Ex. China’s influence in Africa |
| Shatter belt | Region caught between stronger colliding external forces, under persistent stress, and often fragmented by aggressive rivals. Ex. Eastern Europe, Korea, Vietnam |
| choke point | Strategic strait or canal which could be closed or blocked to stop sea traffic (especially oil) |
| annexation | To incorporate (territory) into an existing political unit such as a country, state, county, or city. |
| definitional boundary dispute | a boundary dispute over the legal terms set forth |
| locational boundary | a boundary dispute over the physical location |
| operational boundary | arises due to a conflict about the administration of a boundary. |
| allocational boundary | a dispute over the right to resources |
| definitional boundary process | disagreement over the location or demarcation of a border between two or more countries, states, or other political or geographic entities. |
| delimitation boundary | The process of mapmakers placing the boundary on the map. |
| demarcated boundary | identified by physical objects, like walls, signs, natural or geometric lines, and fences. |
| buffer state | A relatively small country sandwiched between two larger powers |
| confederation | A form of an international organization that brings several autonomous states together for a common purpose. |
| core | where standards of living are high and most of the world's products are consumed |
| periphery | where most raw resources are harvested and people are extremely poor. |
| devolution | The movement of power from the central government to regional governments within the state or breakup of a large state into several independent ones |
| EEZ(exclusive economic zone) | he zone where the U.S. and other coastal nations have jurisdiction over natural resources. |
| enclave | a country or part of a country mostly surrounded by the territory of another country or wholly lying within the boundaries of another country |
| exclave | a country which is geographically separated from the main part by surrounding alien territory |
| european union | a politico-economic union of 28 member states that are located primarily in Europe.(regional) |
| federal | a system of government where power is shared (in various arrangements) between a centralized government and various regional authorities. |
| forward capital | a symbolically relocated capital city usually because of either economic or strategic reasons. |
| frontier | A zone of territory where no state has governing authority. |
| geopolitics | The study of relations among geography, states, and world powers. |
| global commons | those parts of our environment available to everyone but for which no single individual has responsibility |
| rimland theories | suggests that sea power is more valuable and that alliances will keep the heartland in check |
| immigrant states | a type of receiving state which is the target of many immigrants. |
| law of the sea | each coastal nation has territorial sovereignty over 12 miles of water off their coast and maintains exclusive economic rights over 200 miles of water off their coast |
| manifest destiny | the political doctrine or belief held by the United States of America, particularly during its expansion, that the nation was destined to expand toward the west. |
| median line principle | the principle that a nation's maritime boundaries should conform to a median-line equidistant from the shores of neighboring nation-states. |
| national iconography | the branch of art history which studies the identification, description, and the interpretation of the content of images. |
| Nunavut | an Arctic territory in northern Canada created in 1999 and governed solely by the Inuit · Primate Cities |
| reunification | bring together to parts of a country under one government -East and West Germany. |
| supranationalism | the process of nation states organizing politically and economically into one organization or alliance. |
| theocracy | state is ruled by religious law and religious leaders; no separation between civil and criminal law |
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