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Period 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| French & Indian War(1754-1763) | British and Native American Allies vs. French & Native American Allies |
| Causes of F&I War | Fighting over land in Ohio River Valley between Natives, French, and the British |
| Mercantalism | Colonies provide wealth to Mother Nation |
| Treaty of Paris(1763) | Ends war & French gives up all territory to Britain who is now most dominant in the states |
| Albany Plan(1754) | Initiated by Benjamin Franklin to form a intercolonial government with a system for recruiting troops and taxes |
| Pontiac's Rebellion(1763) | Pontiac was chief of the Ottawa tribe and led several tribes in a campaign to drive the British out |
| Impact of Pontiac's Rebellion | Led to an uneasy peace with Britain |
| Proclamation line of 1763 | Line to stop land expansion for peace |
| Impact of F&I War | British were left in National Debt End of salutary neglect |
| American Revolution(1775-1783) | American war for the colonists' independence |
| American advantages | Home field advantage/defending Can sacrifice space for time More scrappy fighting style |
| British advantages | Overwhelming people and supply Have Native support And a navy |
| American disadvantages | Had economic troubles Political disunity All manufactured goods were from British(so none now) |
| British disadvantages | Was distanced away from war Distracted with Ireland Cocky |
| Hessian troops | Notoriously brutal German troops hired against colonists Liked money over duty |
| British capture NY(1776) | Capture NY and chase Washington through NJ |
| Sugar Act(1764) | Increased tax revenue to the colonies |
| Stamp Act(1765) | Mandated the use of stamped paper or usage of stamps |
| Sons/Daughters of Liberty(1765) | Retaliation against unjust laws by the British |
| Townshend Act(1767) | Laws that consisted mostly of taxes and regulations to fund the government |
| Boston Massacre(1770) | Small street brawl that turned into a massacre Colonists gathered in a protest where 5 colonists were shot |
| Boston Tea Party(1773) | American colonists were frustrated by the British and dumped lots of tea into the sea |
| First Continental Congress(1774) | Formed in response to British's intolerable acts Delegates from 12/13 of the colonies |
| Lexington and Concord(1775) | Technical first start of the war Persuaded many Americans to take up arms to fight for independence |
| Second Continental Congress(1775) | Elected Washington as Commander-in-chief Drafted the Olive Branch Petition |
| Olive Branch Petition(1775) | To persuade King George for peaceful resolution A failure |
| Battle of Bunker Hill(1775) | Although Americans lost, was a major confidence boost |
| Delaware Washington(1776) | Washington crosses the Delaware Raised spirits |
| Battle of Saratoga(1777) | First decisive victory for the Continental Army Convinced the French to ally against Britain Drafted Articles of Confederation |
| Franco-American Alliance(1778) | Benjamin Franklin did good Official recognition of American independence |
| Declaration of Independence(1776) | Meant to ask for support from the French and other nations |
| Battle of Yorktown(1781) | Final true battle of the war French hard carried |
| Treaty of Paris(1783) | Recognized the colonies as free, sovereign, & independent states Defined boundaries Supposedly provided fair treatment of Loyalists Resolved American debts with British |
| Land Ordinance of 1785 | Sold the Old Northwest to help pay off National debt |
| Northwest Ordinance of 1787 | No new slavery in the Old Northwest Provided a method of admitting new states into Union Charted a government for the Northwest territory |
| Philadelphia Convention(Constitutional convention)(1787) | Gathered to decide how American was going to be governed 12 states represented(not RI) Began the growing separation between North and South |
| "Bundle of Compromises" | Believed that the convention was just a series of compromises that tackled no real issues |
| Representation in Congress compromise | Virginia(large states) vs. NJ(small states) Leads to "great compromise" of the bicameral legislature |
| Bicameral legislature | Two assemblies share legislature power Senate & House |
| Slavery compromise | 3/5 compromise Slaves count as 3/5 for representation and taxes |
| Slave trade compromise | Would allow slave trade to only continue for another 20 years |
| Election compromise | The winner of state electives would take all electoral votes |
| Ratification compromise | Needed 9/13 states to say yes |
| Articles of Confederation(1777) | Created a loose confederation of sovereign states and a weak central government Was ratified in 1781 The weaknesses led to the Philadelphia Convention |
| Quasi-Legal Political Coup | Convention only required 9/13 to ratified opposed to the 13/13 for the Articles Delegates were elected by state legislatures |
| Weaknesses of Articles of Confed | Federal government was too weak to exercise power Financial mess No military Bad foreign power |
| Successes of Articles of Confed | Helped during the war Negotiated the treaty Established methods of division |
| Duality of Articles of Confed | Balancing natural rights vs anarchy Balancing safety & security vs despotism |
| Shay's Rebellion(1786) | Uprising in western Mass in opposition to high taxes and bad economic policies Demonstrated that Articles of Confederation could not contain rebellions(too weak) |
| Federalist Era(1789-1801) | First two-party system emerges |
| Federalists | Favored a strong central government Feared mobocracy |
| Anti-Federalists | Favored state/individual rights Fear of despotism |
| George Washington(1789) | George Washington was unanimously drafted as first president "President of Presidence" |
| Judiciary Act(1789) | Washington established the Supreme Court |
| First Presidential Cabinet(1789) | Washington created the cabinet which contained opposing views |
| Thomas Jefferson(Anti-Federalist) | Was a wealthy VA landowner who wrote the Declaration of Independence Favored a strict construction of Constitution Spent war as member of governor of VA |
| Alexander Hamilton(Federalist) | "Rags to riches" Fights in the war Washington's right hand man |
| View of Common people | Jefferson viewed people as honest and driven Hamilton believed wealthy people are more knowledgeable |
| State Rights vs. Federal Power | Jefferson believed that states should have their sovereigness Hamilton favored a strong centralized government |
| French Revolution | Jefferson believed that it was a fight for ideals(democracy) Hamilton thought America was too weak to fight another war |
| Excise tax & whiskey | Jefferson believed tax was brutal to nation's own people Congress should have power to lay & collect taxes |
| Agriculture vs. Industry | Jefferson believed agriculture was more important Hamilton believed industry to lead to growth |
| Hamilton's Economic Plan(1789) | Plan to fix economic plans and grow nation Consisted of Funding the par Creation of National Bank Federal assumption of state debts |
| Funding the par | Taking in all the old bonds and basically making bonds look valuable |
| National bank | Believed that a national bank could facilitate the payment of taxes and currency Argument over whether in Constitution or not |
| Federal assumption of debts | Federal government would take in all the debts |
| Whiskey Rebellion(1791) | Was a violent tax protest Washington quashed it through a military force |
| Washington's Farewell Address(1796) | Signalled that Washington wasn't running for a third term Warned of the future with political parties To remain neutral in foreign conflicts And celebrate successes |
| Election of 1796 | Hamilton was best known Federalist but his policies did make him unpopular Federalists rallied behind John Adams Democratic-Republicans behind Jefferson Adams won |
| John Adams(1797-1801) | 2nd President A man of principles & devotion Had to inherit a violent quarrel with France |
| Demo-Republicans | Favored rule by informed masses Liked extension of democracy State rights over central government Lots of Jeffersonian ideals |
| Jays Treaty(1794) | John Jay spoke with Britain to avoid war Made France angry because they were supposed to all hate Britain |
| Quasi War(1798-1800) | An undeclared navy war between US and France France seized American merchant ships Prep for war started |
| Convention of 1800 | Ended the alliance between France and US Stopped the Quasi War Adams retired having made peace with France |
| Alien and Sedition Acts(1798) | Authorized the president to deport "aliens" in times of war Permitted arrest and imprisonment as well To try and preserve Federalist powers |
| XYZ affairs(1797) | A diplomatic incident that also led to the Quasi war When trying to negotiate peace with France, they would not let the people talk without paying |
| Proclamation of Neutrality(1793) | Sets precedent to stay out of foreign affairs |
| British relations | British were reluctant to leave forts in America and were impressing American sailors Led to the Jays treaty |
| Virginia & Kentucky Resolutions(1798) | Jefferson and Madison respond to Alien & sedition acts claiming them to be null and void |
| Theory of nullification | State has the right to invalidate any federal laws that were deemed unconstitutional |
| James Madison | Was like Jefferson's right hand man Wrote the bill of rights |
| Bill of Rights(1791) | Added 10 amendments to the Constitution |
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