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World Civ StudyGuide
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Kingdom of Ghana | first of the great medieval trading empires of western Africa, between sahara and the headwaters of Senegal and the niger rivers. |
| Kingdom of Kongo | a large kingdom in the western part of central Africa, name from the founders called Kikongo |
| Trans-saharan trade | slave trade, small-scale trade that developed in the 12th century, exporting West African slaves captured in raids across the Sahrar for sale mostlyy as household servants in Islamic Norht Africa |
| Mali Empire | Capital Timbuktu, center of Islamic learning. trading empire that flourished in western africa from the 13th to the 16th century |
| Mansa Musa | One of africa's richest kingdoms, he built the great mosques at timbuktu, he was mostly remembered by his pilgramage to Mecca |
| Swahili Coast Society | region where Africans and Arabs mixed to create a unique identity from the 8th century called swahili culture. name nmeans people of the coast |
| Great Zimbabwe | a medieval African city known for its large circular wall and tower, part of a wealthy african trading empire that controlled much of East African coast |
| Kinship | group of people related by blood or marriage |
| African Religion | set of highly diverse beliefs that include various ethnic groups. oral rath than scriptural, supreme creator, belief in spirits, veneration of the dea, use of magic and tradtional African medicine |
| Bantu Migration | large population movement over time from southern west africa to central, eastern, and southern africa |
| Axum | an acient town in north ethiopia in the tigre region, capital of the aksumite empire |
| imperialism | expansion through diplomacy or military force |
| monotheism | only on God |
| polytheism | many gods |
| mandate of heaven | approval of gods to rule over people |
| romulus & remus | roman legend, twin brothers who were raised by a she-wolf and founde d the city of Rome |
| patrician | patres = fathers, families provided the empire's political, religious, and military leadership. known as wealthy landowners from old families |
| Etruscans | Etruscan, member of an ancient people of Etruria, Italy, between the Tiber and Arno rivers west and south of the Apennines, |
| Roman Republic | period in which the city state of rome existed as a republican government, earliest examples of representative democracy |
| Tribunes | am elected official in ancient rome, rank below legate and above centurion |
| twelve tables | a set of laws inscrbed on 12 bronze tablets created in ancient Rome, laws passed by government and written down |
| Carthage | new city most powerful city in the region because of its proximity to trade routes and its impressive harbor on the mediterranean |
| Punic Wars | series of three wars between the roman republic and carthaginian empire, resulting in the destruction of carthage, enslavement of its population and the roman hegemony over the western mediatarranean |
| Julius Caesar | a roman general and politician who named himself dictator of the roman empire, |
| Augustus Caesar | one of ancient romes most successful leaders who led the transformation of rome from a republic to an empire |
| Pax Romana | unprecedented peace and economic prosperity throughout the empire, means roman peace |
| gladiators | professional combatant in ancient rome, performed etruscan funerals |
| spartacus | roman slave and gladiator who led a revolt against rome, turned into the third servile war |
| jesus of nazareth | romans believed this man to be a troublemaker |
| paul of tarsus | one of the leaders of the first generation of Christians, often considered to be th most importatn person after Jesus in the history of Christianity, preached in rome |
| islam | meaning submission to the will of God, folloers named Muslims, monotheistic |
| Allah | the one and only god of Islam |
| Quran | the sacred scriptures of Islam, recitation, inspired by the angel gabriel to muhammed |
| Battle of Badr | first- large scale confrontation between muslims nad the quraysh, 6 year battle until the quraysh surrended |
| Umayyad Caliphate | the first muslim dynasty to rule the empire of the caliphate |
| Muhammad | founder of islam and the proclaimer of the Quran, islam sacred scripture |
| Mecca | holiest of muslim cities, place of founder muhammad, religious centre that muslims turn five times daily in prayer |
| Five Pillars of Islam | 1. the declaration of faith 2. prayer 3. alms-giving 4. fasting 5. pilgrimage, basic norms of islamic practice |
| Shia & Sunni | shia menas paritsans of ali, sunnis meaning followers of the sunna or the way |
| pastoral nomad | a way of life of peoples who do not live continually in the same place, moving cyclically or periodically |
| yurts | a protable, circular dwelling made of a lattice of flexible poles and covered in felt or other fabric |
| animism | belief in innumerable spiritual beings concerned with human affairs and capable of helping or harming human interests |
| ancestral worship | rituals designed to commemorate and venerate the spirits of one's deceased forebears |
| shamanism | an animistic relgion of northern asia having the belief that hte meditation between the visible and the spirit worlds is effected by shamans |
| Etugen | represented fertility, earth mother goddess of the mongols |
| tengri | the chief god who created all things, religon of the mongols |
| mongol military tactics | combination of masterful training with excellent communication and discipline in the chaos of combat, psychological warfare too |
| chinngis kahn | founder of the mongol empire, universal ruler, unifying the mongol tribes |
| legacy of the mongol empire | the silk road and its history of trade, cultural development, potential for a modern era characterized by the unity of disparate peoples, and relative peace |
| golden horde | sophisticated and administratively comple empire, golden camp |
| yuan dynasty | dynasty established by mongol nomads that ruled portions and eventually all of china fron the early 13th century |
| ogodei | son and successor of the mongol ruler genghis khan |
| khanate | the state of jurisdiction of a khan |
| Khubilai Khan | fifth emperor, conquered china, developed dual principle political theory, made paper monet the sole medium of exchange |
| karakorum | a ruined city in mongolia. destroyed by Kublai khan when his brother rebelled against him, king moved his capital to Peking today's beijing |
| Ilkhanate | viceroy or ruler of a pacified area |
| Jin dynasty | wade giles romantization Chin, chinese dynasty that comprises two distince phases, the Xi Jin, and the Dong Jin |
| Byzantine Empire | An empire, centered at Constantinople, that began as the eastern portion of the Roman Empire; it included parts of Europe and western Asia. |
| Charlemagne | Charlemagne was a medieval emperor who ruled much of Western Europe from 768 to 814. In 771, Charlemagne became king of the Franks, a Germanic tribe in present-day Belgium, France, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and western Germany |
| Constantinople | Constantinople developed into a thriving port thanks to its prime geographic location between Europe and Asia and its natural harbor |
| Constantine | Emperor of Rome who stopped the persecution of Christians and in 324 made Christianity the official religion of the Roman Empire; in 330 he moved his capital from Rome to Byzantium and renamed it Constantinople |
| Franks | Frank, member of a Germanic-speaking people who invaded the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century. |
| Justinian | Byzantine emperor who held the eastern frontier of his empire against the Persians; codified Roman law in 529; his general Belisarius regained North Africa and Spain |
| Papacy | the office held by the Pope, the head of the Roman Catholic Church. |
| schism | those groups that broke with the church and established rival churches. The term originally referred to those divisions that were caused by disagreement over something other than basic doctrine |
| Theme system | A new military system created during the Heraclian Dynasty of the Byzantine Empire, in which land was granted to farmers who, in return, would provide the empire with loyal soldiers. |
| Feudalism | the system in 10th-13th century European medieval societies where a social hierarchy was established based on local administrative control and the distribution of land into units (fiefs). |
| Guilds | associations of craftsmen and merchants formed to promote the economic interests of their members as well as to provide protection and mutual aid. |
| Serfdom | condition in medieval Europe in which a tenant farmer was bound to a hereditary plot of land and to the will of his landlord. |
| Kings | a supreme ruler, sovereign over a nation or a territory, of higher rank than any other secular ruler except an emperor, to whom a king may be subject. |
| Nobles/Barons | title of nobility, ranking below a viscount (or below a count in countries without viscounts). In the feudal system of Europe, a baron was a “man” who pledged his loyalty and service to his superior in return for land that he could pass to his heirs |
| Knights | a warrior of olden times who fought on horseback, served a king, held a special military rank, and swore to behave in a noble way |
| Monasteries | a building, or buildings, where people lived and worshiped, devoting their time and life to God. |
| Monks (hierarchy) | a person who practices religious asceticism by monastic living, either alone or with any number of other monks |
| Convents | consisting of nuns belonging to a particular order |
| Chivalry | a code of honor that emphasized bravery, loyalty, and generosity for knights at war in the 11th and 12th centuries. |
| knighthood | a title that is given to a man by a British king or queen for his achievements or his service to his country |
| Castles | medieval stronghold, generally the residence of the king or lord of the territory in which it stands. |
| Holy Roman Empire | ruled over much of western and central Europe from the 9th century to the 19th century. It envisioned itself as a dominion for Christendom continuing in the tradition of the ancient Roman Empire and was characterized by strong papal authority. |
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