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AP Government Unit 6
Exam Review
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Issue Networks Form | GOVERNMENT AND NON-GOVT ORGANIZATIONS AND INDIVIDUALS WITH AN INTEREST IN INFLUENCING A NEW PUBLIC POLICY |
| Policy Formulation | policy is developed/written |
| Policy Adoption | Policy becomes law |
| Policy Implementation | Policy is carried out-primarily an executive branch function (executive orders or rule making) |
| Policy Feedback/Evaluation | Information is gathered on the effectiveness of a policy |
| Congressional Oversight | Congressional oversight includes the review, monitoring, and supervision of federal agencies, programs, activities, and policy implementation. Congress exercises this power largely through its congressional committee system. |
| Government Accountability Office (GAO) | assists Congressional oversight by monitoring the executive branch and reporting to Congress-”watchdog" |
| Office of Management and Budget (OMB) | executive branch agency that has budget related responsibilities |
| Congressional Budget Office (CBO) | has budget related functions for Congress |
| Appropriations Bills | spending bills |
| Budget Enforcement Act | Part of an attempt to reduce budget deficits by controlling spending |
| Mandatory Spending | SPENDING THAT IS REQUIRED-MUST CHANGE LEGISLATION-PROGRAM TO REDUCE SPENDING ESPECIALLY IN THE FORM OF ENTITLEMENTS (SOCIAL SECURITY, MEDICARE AND MEDICAID)-BULK OF FEDERAL SPENDING-CREATES DIFFICULTY IN REDUCING DEFICIT |
| Discretionary Spending | NOT REQUIRED BY LEGISLATION-CAN BE MORE EASILY REDUCED |
| Line-item Veto | Early 90s-Congress passed a law to give the president the power to veto parts of spending bills without vetoing the entire bill (attempt to reduce the budget deficit by controlling spending); was ruled unconstitutional in Clinton v NY |
| Medicare | Senior Citizens-Non Means Tested health care |
| Medicaid | Lower Income-Means Tested health care |
| Welfare Reform Act of 1996 | gave State governments more power and flexibility-Block Grants. Welfare programs now are different from state to state. It also allowed states to require work or work training to receive welfare benefits |
| Entitlements | government programs that give money automatically to people that fit a certain description (ex: Social Security, Medicare) |
| Means Tested Program | benefit only go to low income individuals and families |
| Non-Means Tested Program | no income requirement (ex: S.S., Medicare) |
| Continuing Resolution | USED TO ALLOW CONTINUED GOV’T SPENDING WHEN APPROPRIATION BILLS HAVE NOT BEEN PASSED |
| Budget Reconciliation | PROCESS THAT CAN BE USED IN VERY SPECIFIC SITUATIONS TO PASS A LAW IN THE SENATE WITH ONLY A MAJORITY VOTE (AVOIDS A FILIBUSTER-REPUBLICAN TAX CUTS OF 2017 USED THIS METHOD AS DID THE INFLATION REDUCTION ACT.) |
| Monetary Policy | USED BY THE FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM TO CHANGE THE MONEY SUPPLY AND INTEREST RATES |
| Fiscal Policy | TAX AND SPENDING POLICY-MOSTLY CONGRESS-PRESIDENT DOES HAVE TO SIGN RELEVANT BILLS INTO LAW |
| Expansionary Monetary Policy | used in response to a recession) increases the money supply to lower interest rates. Designed to increase business borrowing and investment (as well as to increase households purchases of new homes) |
| Contractionary Monetary Policy | (used in response to inflation) slows the growth in the money supply to raise interest rates. Designed to reduce business borrowing and investment (as well as to decrease households purchases of new homes) |
Created by:
rcooke
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