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AMH Weeks10-13
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| September 11th | refers to the date in 2001 when a series of coordinated terrorist attacks were carried out against the United States by the Islamic extremist group al-Qaeda. The attacks, which involved the hijacking and crashing of four commercial airplanes, resulted in |
| The Kyoto Protocol | is an international treaty that was adopted in 1997 with the goal of reducing greenhouse gas emissions to help combat global warming. The Protocol, which went into effect in 2005, set binding targets for industrialized countries to reduce their emissions |
| The Bush Doctrine | refers to the foreign policy principles and strategies that were implemented by the administration of President George W. Bush following the September 11th attacks. The Doctrine, which was outlined in a series of speeches and statements by President Bush |
| The axis of evil | was a term coined by President George W. Bush in his 2002 State of the Union address to refer to the governments of Iran, Iraq, and North Korea. The term was used to describe these countries as being part of a global alliance of governments that posed a t |
| The USA Patriot Act | a law that was enacted by the U.S. Congress in response to the September 11th attacks. The Act, which stands for "Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism," expanded the powers of federa |
| Operation Iraqi Freedom | The 2003 military intervention by a coalition of forces led by the United States and the United Kingdom, with the aim of removing Saddam Hussein and his Ba'ath Party from power in Iraq. |
| Saddam Hussein | The former President of Iraq who was deposed and later executed following Operation Iraqi Freedom. |
| Weapons of Mass Destruction | Chemical, biological, or nuclear weapons that are capable of inflicting massive destruction on a large scale. |
| Al Queda | A militant Islamist group founded by Osama bin Laden in 1988 that is responsible for many terrorist attacks around the world. |
| Albu Ghraib Prison | An infamous prison in Iraq where US forces were accused of torturing detainees during Operation Iraqi Freedom. |
| Torture Controversy | The ongoing debate about whether torture is ever acceptable as an interrogation technique. |
| Hurricane Katrina | A powerful hurricane that struck the Gulf Coast region of the United States in 2005, causing widespread destruction and loss of life. |
| FEMA | The Federal Emergency Management Agency, a US government agency responsible for responding to natural disasters such as hurricanes. |
| Chief Justice Roberts | John G. Roberts Jr., the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court since 2005. |
| Housing Bubble | A period in which housing prices rose rapidly due to speculation and excessive borrowing before eventually crashing during the Great Recession. |
| Great Recession | The global economic recession that began in 2008 and lasted until 2009, resulting in widespread unemployment and economic hardship around the world. |
| Barack Obama | 44th President of the United States, Democrat |
| Hillary Clinton | Former Secretary of State, 2016 Democratic Presidential Candidate |
| John McCain | Former Republican Senator from Arizona, 2008 Republican Presidential Candidate |
| Sarah Palin | Former Governor of Alaska, 2008 Republican Vice Presidential Candidate |
| Guantanamo Bay Detention Center | U.S. Military prison located in Cuba, used to detain suspected terrorists and enemy combatants |
| Justice Sotomayor | Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, appointed by Barack Obama in 2009 |
| "Obamacare" Healthcare Reform | Formal name for the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA) passed in 2010 under President Barack Obama |
| BP Disaster | Deepwater Horizon oil spill that occurred in the Gulf of Mexico in 2010 due to an explosion on a BP drilling rig |
| Osama Bin Laden | Leader of Al-Qaeda terrorist organization responsible for 9/11 attacks and other terrorist activities worldwide |
| Arab Spring | Series of anti-government protests, uprisings and civil wars that began in late 2010 and spread throughout the Middle East and North Africa |
| Tea Party Movement | Political movement that began in 2009 advocating for reduced government spending and taxes as well as more conservative social values |
| Occupy Movement | Protest movement that began in 2011 to address issues such as economic inequality and corporate greed. |
| PACs (Political Action Committees) | Organizations formed to raise money to influence elections at all levels of government. |
| Tiananmen Square Massacre | This refers to the violent suppression of pro-democracy protests that took place in Beijing's Tiananmen Square on June 4, 1989. The Chinese government's response to the protests resulted in the deaths of hundreds, possibly thousands, of protesters and civ |
| Velvet Revolution | This refers to the peaceful overthrow of the communist government in Czechoslovakia in 1989, which led to the country's transition to a democratic political system. The Velvet Revolution was so named because of its non-violent nature. |
| Berlin Wall | This refers to the wall that was constructed by the government of East Germany in 1961 to divide the city of Berlin and prevent East German citizens from fleeing to the West physically and ideologically. The wall stood until 1989, when it was breached as |
| Boris Yeltsin | This refers to Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin, who was the first President of the Russian Federation, serving from 1991 to 1999. He played a key role in the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the transition of Russia to a market economy. |
| Gulf War | This refers to the conflict between Iraq and a coalition of Western nations led by the United States that took place from 1990 to 1991. The war began when Iraq invaded Kuwait and was forced to withdraw by the coalition forces. |
| Invasion of Kuwait | This refers to the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait, which began on August 2, 1990, and led to the Gulf War. |
| General Colin Powell | This refers to Colin Powell, who was an American statesman and a retired four-star general in the United States Army. He served as the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff from 1989 to 1993, and as the 65th United States Secretary of State from 2001 to 2 |
| Dick Cheney | This refers to Richard Bruce Cheney, who was the 46th Vice President of the United States, serving under President George W. Bush from 2001 to 2009. He is known for his hawkish foreign policy and his support for the invasion of Iraq. |
| Bill Clinton | This refers to William Jefferson Clinton, who was the 42nd President of the United States, serving from 1993 to 2001. He is known for his domestic policies, which focused on reducing crime and increasing access to education and healthcare. |
| Ross Perot | This refers to Henry Ross Perot, who was an American businessman and politician. He ran for President of the United States as an independent candidate in 1992 and 1996 and is known for his strong opposition to the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFT |
| North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) | This refers to the trade agreement between the United States, Canada, and Mexico that was signed in 1992 and went into effect in 1994. The agreement removed tariffs and other barriers to trade between the three countries, and is intended to promote econom |
| Hillary Clinton's Healthcare Reform | This refers to Hillary Clinton's efforts to reform the healthcare system in the United States during her husband's presidency. She proposed a plan that would have required employers to provide health insurance to their employees, but the plan faced strong |
| Newt Gingrich | This refers to Newton Leroy Gingrich, who was the Speaker of the United States House of Representatives from 1995 to 1999. He is known for his conservative political views and his role in leading the Republican Party to victory in the 1994 midterm electio |
| Contract with America | This refers to a political platform that was developed by Newt Gingrich and other Republican leaders in 1994. The contract outlined the party's legislative agenda and was a key factor in the Republican Party's victory in the 1994 midterm elections. |
| Welfare reform | This refers to efforts to change the government assistance programs that provide financial support to low-income individuals and families. Welfare reform efforts often focus on increasing work requirements and reducing the amount of time that individuals |
| "Triangulation" | This term refers to a political strategy in which a candidate or political party seeks to position itself as being independent of, and above, the traditional political parties or ideologies. This strategy is often used to appeal to moderate or undecided v |
| Oslo Accords | This refers to the series of agreements between the government of Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) that were signed in Oslo, Norway in 1993. The agreements were intended to pave the way for a peaceful resolution to the Israeli-Palest |
| Slobodan Milosevic | This refers to Slobodan Milošević, who was the President of Serbia from 1989 to 1997 and of Yugoslavia from 1997 to 2000. He is known for his authoritarian style of leadership and his role in the breakup of Yugoslavia and the wars that followed. |
| "Ethnic cleansing" | This term refers to the forced removal of an ethnic or religious group from a specific territory in order to create an ethnically homogenous population. Ethnic cleansing often involves violence and other human rights abuses, and is considered a crime agai |
| Computer Revolution | A period of time in the late 20th century and early 21st century when technology advanced rapidly, leading to a dramatic increase in the use of computers and other digital devices. |
| Steve Jobs | Co-founder of Apple Inc., a computer and electronics company that revolutionized the way people interact with technology. He was also a pioneer in the development of personal computers, portable music players, and smartphones. |
| Bill Gates | Co-founder of Microsoft Corporation, one of the world's largest computer software companies. He is also one of the wealthiest people in the world due to his investments in technology companies. |
| Microchips | Tiny semiconductor devices that are used to store and process information within computers and other electronic devices. |
| Internet | A global network of interconnected computer networks that allow users to access information from around the world. |
| International Monetary Fund (IMF) | An international organization established to promote global economic stability by providing loans to countries with balance-of-payments difficulties or facing economic crises. |
| Dot.coms | Companies that specialize in offering products or services over the internet, often referred to as e-commerce businesses. |
| Enron Syndrome | A term used to describe unethical business practices, such as accounting fraud or insider trading, which were exposed at Enron Corporation during its collapse in 2001. |
| Superbanks | Large banks with assets exceeding $100 billion that are considered too big to fail by regulators due to their systemic importance within financial markets. |
| Wars on Drugs | Government initiatives aimed at reducing drug use and trafficking through law enforcement efforts and public health initiatives such as education campaigns and treatment programs. |
| Rodney King Riots | A series of civil disturbances that occurred in Los Angeles in 1992 after four police officers were acquitted for their involvement in an incident involving Rodney King, an African American motorist who was beaten by police officers while being arrested f |
| AIDS | Acronym for acquired immune deficiency syndrome, a life-threatening condition caused by infection with HIV (human immunodeficiency virus). |
| "Safe Sex" | Sexual practices which reduce the risk of transmission of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) such as HIV/AIDS through use of condoms or other protective measures such as abstinence or monogamy with an uninfected partner. |
| Anti-Governmental Militia Movements | Groups opposed to government policies who advocate for armed resistance against government forces or other perceived threats from within society. |
| Impeachment Of Clinton | The process initiated by Congress against President Bill Clinton for perjury and obstruction charges stemming from his involvement with Monica Lewinsky during his presidency from 1993-2001. |
| Whitewater Scandal | An investigation into real estate investments made by Bill Clinton while he was Governor of Arkansas which resulted in several convictions but no charges against Clinton himself nor his wife Hillary Clinton who was also involved in some capacity at one po |
| Lewinsky Scandal | An investigation into allegations made against President Bill Clinton regarding his involvement with White House intern Monica Lewinsky which resulted in his impeachment trial but no criminal charges being brought against him . |
| Bush v Gore | The 2000 US Supreme Court case which decided the outcome of the 2000 US Presidential election between George W Bush and Al Gore . |
| Richard Nixon | 37th President of the United States, 1969-1974. |
| Family Assistance Plan | A welfare program proposed by President Nixon in 1969 that would have provided a guaranteed minimum income for all Americans. |
| Warren Burger | Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court from 1969 to 1986. Burger Court |
| Henry Kissinger | National Security Advisor and Secretary of State under President Nixon, 1973-1977. SALT |
| Détente | A period of improved relations between the United States and the Soviet Union during the 1970s. |
| Brezhnev | Leonid Brezhnev, General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1964 to 1982. |
| "Vietnamization" | A policy implemented by President Nixon in 1969 that aimed to reduce American involvement in Vietnam by increasing South Vietnamese forces and decreasing U.S. forces in Vietnam. |
| Kent State Massacre | The shooting of four students at Kent State University by Ohio National Guardsmen on May 4, 1970 during a protest against U.S. involvement in Vietnam. |
| Pentagon Papers | A secret report on U.S.-Vietnam relations commissioned by Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara that was leaked to The New York Times in 1971 and revealed previously unknown details about U.S.-Vietnam policy decisions from 1945-1967 . |
| Watergate Scandal | A political scandal involving a break-in at Democratic National Committee headquarters at the Watergate complex in Washington D.C., which ultimately led to President Nixon's resignation in 1974 . |
| Stagflation | An economic phenomenon characterized by high unemployment and inflation rates simultaneously . |
| Energy Crisis | An increase in energy prices due to an OPEC embargo on oil exports to certain countries, including the United States, imposed in 1973 . |
| Jimmy Carter | 39th President of the United States, 1977-1981 . |
| Camp David Accords | Peace agreements signed between Israel and Egypt at Camp David in 1978 following negotiations brokered by President Carter . Iran Hostage Crisis |
| Family Values | A set of beliefs or ideals held by a family, typically regarding matters such as religion, morality, and the way in which members of the family should treat one another. |
| ERA | The Equal Rights Amendment was a proposed amendment to the United States Constitution designed to guarantee equal rights for women. |
| Family Values vs. ERA | This is a debate that has been ongoing since the 1970s. Supporters of Family Values argue that traditional values should be upheld, while supporters of the ERA argue that women should have equal rights under the law. |
| Abortion Controversy | The abortion controversy is an ongoing debate in many countries over whether or not abortion should be legal and accessible to women. |
| Roe v. Wade | Roe v. Wade was a 1973 Supreme Court decision that established a woman's right to privacy in matters concerning abortion and declared most state laws prohibiting abortion unconstitutional. |
| Pro-Life | Pro-life is an umbrella term used to describe individuals and organizations who are opposed to abortion on moral or religious grounds. |
| Pro-Choice | Pro-choice is an umbrella term used to describe individuals and organizations who support a woman's right to choose whether or not she wants to have an abortion without government interference. |
| Pro-Life vs Pro-Choice | This is a debate between those who believe that life begins at conception and those who believe that it is up to the individual woman whether or not she wants an abortion. |
| Tax Revolt | A tax revolt is a popular movement in which taxpayers oppose taxation by refusing to pay taxes or engaging in other forms of civil disobedience against taxation authorities. |
| 1980 Election | The 1980 United States presidential election was held on November 4, 1980, between incumbent President Jimmy Carter (D) and challenger Ronald Reagan (R). Reagan won the election with 489 electoral votes compared to Carter's 49 electoral votes. |
| Ronald Reagan | Ronald Reagan was an American politician who served as the 40th President of the United States from 1981-1989. He was known for his conservative policies and his role in ending the Cold War with Russia during his presidency. |
| Reagan Revolution | A term used to describe the conservative political and economic policies of President Ronald Reagan during his time in office from 1981-1989. |
| Reaganomics | A term used to describe the economic policies of President Reagan, which included a combination of tax cuts, increased military spending, and deregulation. |
| Supply-side economics | An economic theory that argues that cutting taxes and regulations will lead to increased investment, which will in turn lead to increased production and economic growth. |
| Deindustrialization | The process of a country or region shifting away from manufacturing and industry towards services and technology. |
| Savings and Loan Bailout | The government's response to the savings and loan crisis of the 1980s, which involved injecting billions of dollars into failing savings and loan institutions. |
| "evil empire" | A phrase coined by President Reagan in 1983 to refer to the Soviet Union. |
| Iran-Contra Affair | An illegal arms-for-hostages deal orchestrated by members of the Reagan administration in 1985. |
| Glasnost and Perestroika | Two reforms implemented by Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev in the late 1980s that allowed for greater freedom of expression in the Soviet Union. |
| Mikhail Gorbachev | leader of the Soviet Union from 1985-1991 who introduced Glasnost and Perestroika reforms. |
| Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) | A civil rights organization founded in 1960 to coordinate and support student-led non-violent protests against racial segregation. |
| Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) | A civil rights organization founded in 1942 to challenge racial segregation and discrimination through non-violent direct action. |
| "Freedom Rides" | A series of bus rides organized by CORE in 1961 to protest segregated bus terminals in the Southern United States. |
| MLK | Martin Luther King Jr., an American Baptist minister, social activist, and leader of the civil rights movement from 1955 until his assassination in 1968. |
| March on Washington | A large political rally held in Washington D.C. on August 28, 1963, where MLK delivered his famous "I Have a Dream" speech. |
| John F. Kennedy | The 35th President of the United States from 1961 until his assassination in 1963. He was a strong advocate for civil rights and established the Peace Corps during his presidency. |
| Peace Corps | An international volunteer program established by President Kennedy in 1961 to promote world peace and friendship through service projects abroad. |
| Bay of Pigs | An unsuccessful attempt by Cuban exiles, supported by the CIA, to overthrow Fidel Castro's Cuban government in April 1961. |
| Cuban Missile Crisis | A 13-day confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union over Soviet missiles placed in Cuba that threatened US security interests; it is considered one of the closest moments to nuclear war during the Cold War era. |
| Suburbanization | The process of people moving from cities to suburbs in search of better living conditions. |
| Urban Renewal | A policy of redeveloping urban areas by demolishing old buildings and replacing them with new ones. |
| Baby Boom | The period following World War II, during which there was a huge increase in the number of births in the United States and other countries. |
| Libertarian Conservatives | A political philosophy that emphasizes individual liberty, limited government, and free markets. |
| New Conservatives | A political movement that emerged in the United States in the late 1950s and early 1960s that sought to combine traditional conservative values with more progressive policies. |
| Friedman | Milton Friedman (1912-2006) was an American economist who advocated for free-market capitalism, small government, and individual liberty. He is best known for his book Capitalism and Freedom (1962). |
| Capitalism and Freedom | Milton Friedman's 1962 book which argued for free-market capitalism as a way to promote economic growth, individual liberty, and social justice. |
| Dwight Eisenhower | Dwight D. Eisenhower (1890-1969) was an American general and statesman who served as the 34th President of the United States from 1953 to 1961. He is best known for his leadership during World War II and his "Modern Republicanism" domestic policies. |
| Richard Nixon | Richard M. Nixon (1913-1994) was an American politician who served as the 37th President of the United States from 1969 to 1974. He is best known for his foreign policy achievements such as opening diplomatic relations with China and ending U.S involvemen |
| "Modern Republicanism" | Dwight Eisenhower's domestic policy agenda which emphasized fiscal conservatism while also promoting social welfare programs such as Social Security, Medicare, public housing programs, civil rights legislation, environmental protection laws, and foreign a |
| National Highway System | A network of roads and highways, designated by the federal government, that connects major cities and military bases throughout the United States. |
| Social Contract | An agreement between citizens and their government in which citizens agree to obey the laws of the government in exchange for protection and other benefits. |
| MAD-Mass Assured Destruction | A strategy of nuclear deterrence in which two or more countries possess enough nuclear weapons to cause destruction on a massive scale, so that neither side would risk launching an attack against the other. |
| Vietnam War | A conflict fought between North Vietnam, supported by its communist allies, and South Vietnam, supported by the United States and other anti-communist nations from 1959 to 1975. |
| Ho Chi Minh | The leader of North Vietnam during the Vietnam War who sought to reunify Vietnam under communist rule. |
| Ngo Dinh Diem | The first president of South Vietnam following its independence from France in 1955. He was overthrown and assassinated in a coup led by his own generals in 1963. |
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