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ACC Sociology Final
Intro to SOC Final
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Conflict theory thoughts on social stratification | Social stratification is bad, only benefiting some to perpetuate inequalities. In capitalism, it strain worker-employer relations. |
| Standard of living | Level of wealth available to meet basic needs. Often refers to whole country rather than individuals. |
| Factors for standard of living | Class, income, poverty rates, mortality rates |
| Intersection theory | There are multiple layers of disadvantages that create inequality and face discrimination, not just race. |
| Example of intersection theory | A White woman and Black woman might both face discrimination based on gender, but the Black woman might face more based on her race and/or socioeconomic status. |
| Primary group | Created by Cooley. Plays a critical role in your life, is a small group of people you interact with a lot. Contains significant others. |
| How do symbolic-interactionists view inequality and racism? | Identities and symbols of race (ex. flags) create racism. Interaction between members of a dominant group creates and supports the growth of racist ideas (echo chamber). |
| Triad | group of three people |
| Iron Rule of Oligarchy | Michels, 1911. All large organizations are characterized by rule by few. |
| Open system of stratification | Your achievements and merits allow movement between levels |
| What is the ideal, theoretical open system of stratification? | A meritocracy |
| Example of a coercive formal organization | Prison |
| Coercive formal organization | A group you are forced to be in |
| Wealth | Net value of money and assets |
| What is an example of amalgamation? | A White man marrying a Black woman |
| Class traits | typical behaviors, customs, and norms that define a class |
| Racial steering | real estate agents direct you to or away from a neighborhood based on your race |
| Social construction of race | race is not based on biology, based on social aspects (this conclusion IS backed by SCIENCE) |
| Class | Set of people with similar wealth, income, and education status. |
| 6 degrees of separation/small world phenomenon | Everyone and everything is less than 6 degrees/steps away from each other. In 2022, it is more like 4 or 5 due to globalization (thanks Facebook) |
| Explicit rules | rules that have been written and outlined. Part of bureaucracy. |
| Assimilation | when a minority group gives up their unique identity and conforms to the majority group identity |
| McDonaldization of society (Ritzer) | The fast food business model is being used everywhere- efficiency, predictability, calculability, and control. Increases profits, while getting rid of originality in favor of mass production. |
| Race | grouping humans based on shared physical/social qualities |
| Absolute poverty | can't afford basic needs, survival is threatened |
| What is an example of genocide? | The Holocaust- targeted Jewish and Romani peoples, LGBTQ+ people, and disabled people |
| Function of primary group | To care for emotional (expressive) needs |
| Aggregate | people in the same place at the same time, but have no interaction or shared identity. |
| Group | wide variety of gatherings. Is a collection of 2+ people that interact more than once. Shared identity |
| What is an oligarchy? | Rule by few, usually 3 |
| Symbolic-interactionism thoughts on social stratification | We interact with people of a similar social standing- we tend to live in the same places, have similar habits, etc. Appearance can reflect social standing. |
| Impersonality | keep personal feelings out of it- staying professional. Part of bureaucracy. |
| Social stratification | how society categorizes you with rankings based on factors like wealth, income, education, family background, and power. |
| Example of instrumental leader | A CEO like Mark Zuckerberg |
| Predictability | repetitive, routine, and consistent production. Can expect similar practices and products. |
| Calculability | focus on high production rather than the quality of what is being produced (think SHEIN) |
| Socioeconomic status (SES) | your place within the stratification system. Your parent's place, due to the amount of resources they have, often determines your place |
| Status in/consistency | your rank across your lifetime. In a caste system, status consistency is high (little movement). In a class system, status consistency is low (high movement). |
| Discrimination | ACTIONS against a group of people (acting on prejudices) |
| Primogeniture (England, old) | all property is inherited by the first-born son or closest male relative. This practice was discontinued largely because of the Industrial Revolution. |
| Dyad (Simmel) | group of two people. Less stable. |
| Leadership function | The main goal of the leader |
| Class system | Can move up or down based on certain social factors and achievements. Not entirely merit-based |
| Model minority | a stereotype often put on people of Asian descent. The minority group has reached significant educational, professional, and socioeconomic levels without challenging the status quo. (have been successful without breaking the system) |
| Social mobility | ability to change position in social stratification system, up or down |
| Instrumental leader | goal-oriented leader. Wants to accomplish tasks |
| Utilitarian formal organization | group you join voluntarily, but because you need some sort of material reward |
| The Milgram study studied... | authority and obedience. How far will you go to obey a perceived figure of authority? |
| Conflict theory thoughts on groups | They help some, to the detriment of others |
| Amalgamation | Melting pot. The minority and majority group join to form a new one. |
| Division of labor | specialized tasks for each worker. Part of bureaucracy. |
| Groupthink | going with the group. Has largely negative outcomes. Think JFK and the Bay of Pigs (miserably failed). |
| Ethnicity | grouping people based on shared culture (language, customs, norms, etc.) and NOT national origin (nationality) |
| Secondary group | large, impersonal group. Members might not last. |
| Bureaucracy | connected to, is/can become an organization |
| Caste system | Can't change social standing of birth: it determines your job, spouse, house, etc. Your talents are not important. The Hindu ideology ends up supporting this system of stratification. |
| Layers of middle class | lower and upper middle class |
| INTRAgenerational mobility | change in your OWN social mobility over life. |
| How can impersonality backfire? | It can make the bureaucracy seem cold/impersonal or uncaring. |
| Reference group | group you measure and compare yourself to |
| Relative poverty | creates a poverty line: You have 50% less income than the median average of the area |
| Category | People in a group: have similar characteristics, but have no ties to each other |
| Normative formal organization | voluntary members with shared interests |
| What is an example of expulsion? | The Trail of Tears- natives (Cherokee) forced to leave their native lands by whites and go to Oklahoma area |
| Racial profiling | race is sole factor in determining someone's detainment or if you should investigate them |
| The Asch experiment dealt with... | group conformity |
| Efficiency | Minimize the time needed to perform tasks |
| Income | wages or what you earn from investments. |
| Laissez-faire leader | hands-off, members can self-manage. Good for members that are mature and motivated, but not with slower groups that don't make much progress. |
| Examples of formal organizations | schools or government agencies |
| Conformity | how much you comply with group norms and expectations |
| INTERgenerational mobility | different generations in a family have different social classes |
| Genocide | deliberate annihilation of targeted group of people (usually a subordinate/minority group) |
| Formal organizations | large, impersonal |
| Symbolic-interactionism theory thoughts on groups | the groups we belong to give us social statuses and social power. The power the group you are in has corresponds to your own level of power. |
| Prejudice | Beliefs, thoughts, feelings, and attitudes held about a group of people as a prejudgment. |
| Culture of prejudice | prejudice is built into and normalized in our culture |
| Scapegoat theory | prejudice is created when the majority group displaces undirected aggression towards minority groups |
| Layers of lower class | working, working poor, underclass |
| Racism | strong prejudice and discrimination against a specific race. Thoughts that one group is superior (usually dominant group) and that the other is inferior (usually subordinate group) is used to justify inequalities. |
| Minority or subordinate group | singled out, members treated differently and discriminated against. Members have distinguishable traits and are members involuntarily (society put them there) |
| De jure segregation | segregation mandated by law, must be followed |
| Mob | Lasts a short amount of time, is dangerous, and is a violent crowd. |
| Layers of upper class | new money, old money |
| Authoritarian leader | gives orders and assigns tasks without group input or agreement. Focused on meeting goals and making quick, expert decisions. Think Elon Musk |
| Conspicuous consumption | buy and use things to socially state status to others (status symbols like hydroflasks, Air Force 1s, etc.) |
| Majority or dominant group | most represented, has access to power and privilege |
| How do conflict theorists view inequality and racism? | Inequality occurs when a race dominates a position (ex. mostly white presidents). Conflict occurs when the dominant group PERCEIVES (there might not actually be) a threat from the subordinate group |
| What is one major example of scapegoat theory? | Nazi Germany. The Jewish people living in Germany were blamed by Hitler and the Nazis for the strife in Germany (largely economic strife) |
| Example of closed system of stratification | The caste system (used to be used heavily in India/Hindu culture) |
| Segregation | physically separating two groups: where they live, work, and their social functions |
| Example of structural mobility | When the 13th Amendment freed slaves, African-Americans were able to move up from property to (oftentimes) lower class. |
| Feminization of poverty | more women tend to be poor and have a lower standard of living- global trend |
| Example of normative formal organization | Ski club |
| Example of a category | Generation Z |
| Out-group | group you don't belong to, have disdain for |
| Expulsion | The subordinate group is forced to leave an area by the dominant group |
| Example of intragenerational mobility | go from middle to upper class after becoming a programmer. |
| Stereotypes | may be + or -, are oversimplified generalizations about a group of people. Positive ones tend to be about the dominant group, negatives about the subordinate group |
| Bystander effect | less likely to help if other people are around: there is a diffusion of responsibility |
| Structural mobility | societal changes let a whole group of people move up or down in the stratification system |
| Meritocracy | hiring and promotion is based only on demonstrated skill |
| Zimbardo studied... | How college students would act in a prison setting in various roles (guard, prisoner). Was unethical and flawed. |
| Mob rules | What the mob wants to do, the mob will do. Make cause unusual or atypical behavior from participants ("He would never attack someone!") |
| Example of intergenerational mobility | Upper class grandparents, middle class parents, lower class children |
| Endogamous marriage | (common) marriage within social category |
| Democratic leader | encourages group participation in all decisions, reach consensus. Often ends in stalemates or taking too much time to reach a decision. |
| Example of open system of stratification | Class system |
| Exogamous marriage | (rare) marrying someone from a different social category. Think Prince Harry and Meghan Markle. |
| De facto segregation | segregation not mandated by law, created by custom |
| Closed system of stratification | little change in social position allowed, little/none interaction allowed outside of your level. |
| Control | Have workers look/act same or use technology (ex. robots) to achieve the same results |
| Functional-structural theory thoughts on groups | They help society function properly |
| How do functionalists view inequality and racism? | Inequality must serve an important function because it has existed for so long. Dysfunction occurs when groups that normally live in harmony begin to engage in discrimination and create inequality. |
| Examples of utilitarian formal organizations | School or work |
| Davis-Moore thesis (structural-functionalism) | the higher the functional importance of a social role, the higher the compensation ($) should be. Types of work are inherently unequal, since skill determines the importance of the work. |
| Redlining | refuse a loan because that person lives in a "bad" area to invest in. This area is usually occupied by minority groups |
| In-group (Sumner) | group you belong to, who you are |
| Hierarchy of authority | chain of command, includes superior. Part of bureaucracy. |
| Function of secondary group | Instrumental: achieve goals |
Created by:
ChloeGr
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