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us history exam s.1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Columbian Exchange | the global exchange of goods and ideas between Europe, Africa, and the Americas after Columbus made his first transatlantic voyage in 1492 |
| Anne Hutchinson | an American religious leader.held meetings in her home to boldly promote her idea that God's grace alone was the key to salvation. |
| Roger Williams | an English colonist in New England who founded the colony of Rhode Island. Believed that the English colonists had no right to take land that belonged to American Indians. Banished from Massachusetts with his followers |
| Salutary Neglect | a British policy in the early 1700s that allowed the colonies virtual self-rule as long as Great Britain profited economically |
| First Continental Congress | group of delegates representing all the American colonies, except Georgia, that met in 1774 |
| Thomas Paine | was an English-American author and political thinker who moved to Philadelphia in 1774, following a meeting with Benjamin Franklin. He is best known for his highly influential pamphlet, Common Sense , which helped bring support to the Patriot cause. |
| New Jersey Plan | William Paterson's proposal for a unicameral legislature with each state having one vote |
| Virginia Plan | James Madison's proposal for a bicameral legislature with representation based on population |
| Shay's Rebellion | a farmers' rebellion, against higher taxes in Massachusetts |
| Three-Fifths Compromise | a compromise in which each enslaved person in a state would be counted as three fifths of a person for the purposes of legislative representation |
| Declaration of Independence | document drawn up by the Second Continental Congress, and approved in 1776, that announced American independence and explained the reasons for it |
| John Marshall | was the fourth Chief Justice of the United States. After serving under George Washington in the Revolutionary War, including the winter at Valley Forge,held various law and political positions. |
| Lewis and Clark Expedition | the 1804 expedition sent by President Jefferson to explore the newly-acquired Louisiana Territory |
| Impressment | a policy of seizing people or property for military or public service |
| Embargo | an official ban or restriction on trade |
| War of 1812 | a war between the United States and Great Britain that lasted from 1812 to 1815 |
| Andrew Jackson | an American military officer before serving in the U.S. House of Representatives and Senate, and finally as the seventh U.S. President from 1829 to 1837. |
| Hartford convention | an 1814 meeting of Federalists from New England who opposed the War of 1812 and demanded constitutional amendments to empower the region |
| Mercantilism | an economic policy under which a nation accumulates wealth by exporting more goods than it imports |
| Navigation Acts | British trade laws enacted by Parliament during the mid-1700s that regulated colonial commerce |
| Cash Crops | a crop grown for sale |
| Enlightenment | an eighteenth-century movement inspired by European philosophers who believed that society's problems could be solved by reason and science |
| Great Awakening | a religious movement in the English colonies during the 1730s and 1740s that was heavily inspired by evangelical preachers |
| John Smith | an English explorer and one of the leading promoters of English colonization in America. Smith helped to found the colony of Jamestown in 1607. His contributions also included creating detailed maps and descriptions of Virginia and New England. |
| French and Indian War | war fought from 1754 to 1763 in which Britain and its colonies defeated France and its American Indian allies, gaining control of eastern North America |
| Proclamation of 1763 | declaration by the British king ordering all colonists to remain east of the Appalachian Mountains |
| Albany Plan of Union | Benjamin Franklin's 1754 proposal to form one government for a group of Britain's colonies in North America |
| Sons of Liberty | organization of colonists formed in opposition to the Stamp Act and other British laws and taxes |
| Boston Massacre | incident on March 5, 1770, in which British soldiers killed five colonists in Boston |
| Intolerable Acts | American name for the Coercive Acts, which Parliament passed in 1774 to control the colonies |
| Minute men | members of armed Patriot groups who would take the field at a moment's notice in the days leading up to and during the Revolutionary War |
| Loyalists | colonists who remained loyal to Britain during the Revolutionary War |
| Natural rights | universal rights, such as life and liberty, that derive from nature rather than from government, according to philosophers |
| Battle of Trenton | 1776 Revolutionary War battle in New Jersey, won by the Continental Army |
| Battle of Saratoga | 1777 Revolutionary War battle considered to be the turning point in the war because the Patriot win convinced the French to ally officially with the United States |
| Battle of Yorktown | site in Virginia where, in 1781, General Cornwallis's British forces surrendered to General Washington |
| Treaty of Paris (Revolution) | 1783 peace treaty that ended the Revolutionary War and affirmed American independence |
| mercenary | professional soldier who is paid to fight in a foreign army |
| Iroquois League | confederation made up of five peoples: the Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas, and Senecas |
| Marbury v Madison | the 1803 Supreme Court case that established the principle of judicial review |
| War of 1812 | a war between the United States and Great Britain that lasted from 1812 to 1815 |
| Treaty of Ghent | an 1814 agreement that ended the War of 1812 |
| Missouri Compromise | an 1820 agreement calling for the admission of Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state, and banning slavery in the Louisiana Purchase north of the 36å¡ 30' N latitude |
| "Tariff of Abominations" | an 1828 protective tariff, so-named by its southern opponents |
| Royal Colonies | English colonies that were under direct control of the Crown |
| Powhatan | he leader of the Powhatan empire when the English established the Jamestown Colony in 1607 |
| James Oglethorpe | was an English army officer, politician, and founder of the British colony of Georgia in America. served as a member of Parliament from 1722 to 1754. A noted philanthropist, |
| Industrial Revolution | a shift from manual labor to mechanized work that began in Great Britain during the 1700s and spread to the United States around 1800 |
| Indian Removal Act | an act passed by Congress in 1830 that allowed the federal government to negotiate land exchanges with the American Indians in the Southeast |
| Gold Rush | the mass migration to California after the discovery of gold in 1848 |
| Bicameral Legislature | a lawmaking body made up of two houses |
| Articles of Confederation | the original federal constitution drafted by the Continental Congress in 1777 |
| Federalism | a political system in which power is shared between the national government and state governments |
| Popular sovereignty | a principle in which the people are the only source of government power |
| Checks and balances | a system in which each branch of the government has the power to monitor and limit the actions of the other two |
| Precedents | an act or statement that becomes an example, rule, or tradition to be followed |
| Whiskey Rebellion | a 1794 uprising in western Pennsylvania that opposed the federal excise tax on whiskey |
| XYZ Affair | a diplomatic controversy in 1798 in which French officials demanded bribes of American negotiators |
| Alien and Sedition Act | 1798 laws that allowed the government to imprison or deport non-citizen immigrants, known as aliens, and to prosecute those who criticized the government |
| Virginia and Kentucky resolutions | state resolutions passed in 1798 declaring the Alien and Sedition Acts unconstitutional |
| Songhai | large West African empire lasting from around a.d. 1460 to a.d. 1600 |
| Middle Ages | period in European history from the 5th century through the 14th century |
| Northwest Passage | a water route to Asia that many believed could be found through the cold waters of present-day Canada |
| Missions | religious settlements usually run by Catholic priests and friars in colonial Spanish America |
| Joint-Stock Company | a company run by a group of investors who share the company's profits and losses |
| Stamp Act | 1765 law passed by Parliament that required colonists to pay taxes on printed materials |
| Northwest Territory | a vast territory north of the Ohio River and west of Pennsylvania as far as the Mississippi River |
| 3/5 compromise | a compromise in which each enslaved person in a state would be counted as three fifths of a person for the purposes of legislative representation |
| Puritans | English Protestants who believed in strict religious discipline and the simplification of worship in an effort to purify the Anglican church; settlers of the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1630 |
| John Winthrop | a Puritan lawyer who was the first governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony after its founding in 1630. goal was to establish a pious Puritan state. Emphasizing group discipline and individual responsibility, |
| Mayflower compact | a framework for self-government of the Plymouth Colony signed on the ship Mayflower in 1620 |
| William Penn | an English Quaker, who after growing disillusioned with prospects of religious freedom in England, founded the colony of Pennsylvania as a refuge for Quakers and other religious minorities of Europe |
| Indentured Servants | an individual who agrees to work without wages for a period of time in exchange for transportation to the colonies |
| Triangular trade | the three-way pattern of trade that involved England, English colonies in the Americas, and West Africa |
| Middle passage | the forced transport of enslaved Africans from West Africa to the Americas |
| Turnpikes | a road that requires users to pay a toll |
| Samuel Slater | was an English-born industrialist who used his knowledge of cotton manufacturing and textile machinery to build the nation's first water-powered textile mill in 1793 at Pawtucket, Rhode Island. |
| Interchangeable parts | identical components that can be used in place of one another |
| Nativists | a person who favors native-born inhabitants over immigrants |
| Adams-Onis Treaty | an 1819 treaty in which Spain ceded Florida to the United States |
| Monroe Doctrine | a foreign policy doctrine set forth by President Monroe in 1823 that discouraged European intervention in the Western Hemisphere |
| Spoils system | the practice of the political party in power giving jobs and appointments to its supporters, rather than to people based on their qualifications |
| Nullification | a theory that states could nullify, or void, any federal law they deemed unconstitutional |
| Whigs | members of the nationalist political party formed in 1832 in opposition to the Democrats |
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