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Sci Semester exams
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Qualitative Observations | describe an objects characteristics such as color or texture |
| Quantitative Observations | use a number to describe something |
| Inferences | conclusions based on observations |
| independent variable | factor scientist intentionally changed manipulated by variable graphed on the X axis |
| dependent variable | factor that will respond to the independent variable measurable graphed on y axis |
| control group | no treatment group for baseline data |
| constants | must be kept the same for all groups to ensure study is valid |
| mass | the amount of matter an object contains |
| chemistry | study of matter its properties and interactions |
| matter | anything that has mass and takes up space |
| atom | smallest particle of matter everything in the universe is made of atoms |
| molecule | 2 or more atoms stuck together can be the same type of atom stuck together |
| KMT | states that matter is made up of tiny particles called atoms and molecules and that those particles are always in motion |
| conduction | process of adding or removing energy from a substance |
| temperature | measurement of the average kinetic energy of atoms or molecules in a substance |
| evaporation | when molecules in a liquid get enough energy to overcome attractions from each other and break away to become a gas |
| condensation | gas molecules slow down get closer and become more attracted to each other making a liquid |
| melting | a solid changes to a liquid because the particles speed up and become slightly less attracted to one another |
| deposition | when a gas changes directly to a solid |
| sublimation | when a solid changes directly to a gas |
| proton | positively charged particles found in the nucleus of an atom |
| neutron | particles in the nucleus of an atom that have no charge |
| electron | negatively charged particles of an atom very small found outside the nucleus |
| nucleus | dense center of the atom contains protons and neutrons |
| electron cloud | area outside the nucleus where electrons may be found contains energy levels which are drawn as rings |
| valence electrons | electron in the outermost energy level of an atom responsible for properties of the atom |
| atomic number | number of protons in the atom of an element |
| atomic mass | number of protons and the avg number of neutrons in an element |
| groups | columns on the periodic table similar VE arrangements |
| periods | horizontal rows on the periodic table same number of energy levels |
| reactivity | how readily a substance undergoes a reaction |
| element | pure substance made of only one type of atom |
| isotope | version of an atom with a different number of neutrons |
| alkali metals | group 1 very reactive metals all have 1 ve- and tend to lose an electron to form +2 ion |
| alkaline earth metals | group 2 reactive 1 ve- tend to lose electron to make -1 ion |
| noble gases | group 18 inert full ve- |
| halogens | group 17 very reactive 7 ve gains 1 e and - 1 ion |
| pure substance | made of only one type of atom or one type of molecule |
| heterogenus mixture | has chunks or layers more than one type of substance |
| homogeneous mixture | evenly distributed no chunks consistent throughout |
| solution | substance is dissolved evenly |
| ion | any atom that has an electrical charge due to the gain or loss of electron |
| cation | atom with a positive charge |
| anion | atom with negative charge |
| ionic bond | formed due to the transfer of electrons |
| covalent bond | formed due to the sharing of electrons |
| octet rule | atoms tend to lose gain or share electrons in order to have the outermost energy level |
| malleability | ability to be shaped and formed |
| ductility | ability to be formed into a wire |
| density | amount of matter in an object |
| solubility | ability to dissolve |
| luster | interaction with light and shininess |
| flammability | how readily a substance combusts related to reactivity with oxygen |
| physical property | can be observed by changing without the identity of a substance |
| chemical property | can only be observed by changing the identity of the substance |
| physical change | doesnt form new substance |
| chemical change | forms new substance with new properties |
| thermal conductivity | ability to transfer heat |
| electrical conductivity | ability to conduct electricity |
| reactant | found on the left side of the arrow ingredients |
| product | result of a chemical reaction right side of the arrow |
| chemical symbol | one or two letter symbol rep an element always only one capital letter per symbol |
| subscript | small numbers written to the bottom right of a symbol indicating the # |
| coefficient | big # to the left of the atom or chemical formula |
| LOCM | matter can not be created or destroyed but it can change forms |
| exothermic reactions | release energy in the form of heat and feel warm |
| endothermic | take in heat from the surrounding and feel cold |
| synthetic materials | not found in nature created by man using natural resources |
| position | where an object is relative to a point of reference |
| energy | ability to do work |
| pe | stored energy that depends on mass and position or shape |
| ke | energy of motion depends on mass and speed |
| elastic potential | stored due to being stretched or compressed |
| speed | distance traveled per unit of time |
| radiant energy | electromagnetic wave energy |
| LOCE | energy cannot be created or destroyed but can be transferred |
| APEMAN | atomic #, protons,electrons,mass number, atomic number, neutrons |
| atomic # | = protons |
| how to find elec | pro - mass # |
| neutrons find | elec - atomic # |
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