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Module 7
The Cold War
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Causes of the Cold War | Started as an ideological difference between the U.S. and USSR - Communism vs. Capitalism/Democracy. Stalin also leaves soldiers in Eastern Europe after WWII, forcing Communism on those countries. |
| Communism vs. Capitalism/Democracy | U.S. fears the threat of Communism and USSR despises the idea of capitalism |
| Arms race | U.S. and USSR begin competing to have the largest army/most nuclear weapons between the two of them |
| NATO | North Atlantic Treaty Organization - Military alliance between U.S., Canada, and much of Europe. Purpose is to defend itself against the USSR and communism |
| SEATO | Southeast Asia Treaty Organization - Alliance between the U.S. and Southeast Asia (Philippines; Thailand) intended to stop communism in Southeast Asia. Ultimately a failure |
| Warsaw Pact | USSR response to NATO - Military alliance between the USSR and other communist countries against the U.S. and NATO |
| Containment | Policy of stop communism by stopping it from spreading. The Truman Doctrine, Marshall Plan, and Korean War are all examples of successfully containing communism |
| Truman Doctrine | Truman sends weapons and money to to Turkey and Greece so that they can fight off communist revolutions. U.S. pledges to aid any country trying to fight communism |
| Marshall Plan | Successful plan that sent billions of dollars to Western Europe to rebuild after WWII and prevent the spread of communism |
| Berlin Airlift | After Stalin blocks off all entrances into democratic West Berlin, Allies fly multiple flights a day into Berlin and drop supplies. After almost one year, Stalin gives up |
| Iron Curtain | Metaphorical divide between free, democratic Western Europe and communist, totalitarian Eastern Europe. |
| Second Red Scare | Americans terrified that communist spies have infiltrated the U.S. First Red Scare dealt with freedom of speech. Second Red Scare dealt with loyalty to the Government |
| McCarthyism | Senator Joseph McCarthy begins accusing government officials of being communist. Results in many being questioned and losing their job. Ends after McCarty begins accusing WWII generals |
| Julius and Ethel Rosenberg | Convicted Communist spies who sent classified information back to the USSR. Confirms American fears that communist spies were in the U.S. |
| Blacklisting | Actors and writers in Hollywood begin getting accused of being communist, leading many to get blacklisted, or, cancelled and unable to find work |
| Domino Theory | Belief that if one country becomes communist, all surrounding countries will as well. Leads the U.S. to get involved in the Vietnam War |
| 38th Parallel | Division of North And South Korea created after the Korean War |
| Battle of Inchon | Large invasion force of U.S. and UN soldiers invade at Inchon, South Korea and push the communist North Korean army out of the South and back into North Korea. Led by Douglas MacArthur |
| Entry of Communist China | China sends hundreds of thousands of soldiers into North Korea after the U.S. gets too close to China. Pushes the U.S. back to around the 38th parallel |
| Brinkmanship | Eisenhower threatens to unload all U.S. nuclear weapons on the USSR to keep them from expanding and to get our way during negotiations |
| Peaceful Coexistance | Policy of the USSR that believed that communist and capitalist countries could get along. States that they would stop funding communist revolutions |
| Dwight D. Eisenhower | President from 1953-1961. Believed in threatening the USSR with nuclear weapons to keep war from breaking out (brinkmanship). Tried to avoid war if possible and ended the Korean War |
| Atomic testing | U.S. and Russia begin regularly testing nuclear weapons. Leads to antinuclear protests and fears of a nuclear mishap |
| Civil defense | Americans begin building fallout shelters and practicing to "duck and cover" maneuvers |
| Sputnik | Soviet satellite launched in 1957. Convinces Eisenhower to create NASA and passes legislation to raise student math and science scores. Creates fears that the U.S. could be bombed from space |
| Mutual Assured Destruction | Belief that if one country launches its nuclear weapons, the offended country should launch all of their nuclear weapons back at them. The threat of worldwide destruction should keep all countries from using nukes |
| Bay of Pigs Invasion | Operation signed off by JFK that sent Cuban exiles trained by the CIA to retake Cuba from the communism. Ends as a total failure and causes the U.S. to lose prestige |
| Cuban Missile Crisis | Event where the U.S. blocked incoming Soviet missiles from reaching Cuba. Considered the closest we've been to nuclear war and leads both countries to more seriously consider peace |
| John F. Kennedy | President from 1961-1963. Believed in building up convention weapons rather than nuclear weapons. Considered the winner of the Cuban Missile Crisis between he and Nikita Khrushchev |
| Nikita Khrushchev | Soviet Premier and instigator of the Cuban Missile Crisis. Believed in peaceful coexistence and considered the loser of the Cuban Missile Crisis |
| Fidel Castro | Leader of Communist Cuba who built a worrying friendship with the USSR. Leads to the Cuban Missile Crisis |
| Geneva Accords | International decision that split Vietnam into two different countries: Communist North Vietnam and Democratic South Vietnam |
| Gulf of Tonkin incident | Incident where a U.S. ship was supposedly fired upon by a North Vietnamese ship. Leads LBJ to request full power to send soldiers into Vietnam, called the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution |
| Vietnamization | Plan by Nixon to slowly remove U.S. soldiers from Vietnam and replace them with South Vietnamese soldiers |
| Ho Chi Minh Trail | System of roads that connected North and South Vietnam. Helped supply the communist Viet Cong with soldiers and supplies |
| Tet Offensive | Massive, coordinated strike by the Viet Cong against large cities and U.S. military bases in South Vietnam. Considered the turning point in the war and mystifies Americans who cannot believe that we were getting beat |
| Napalm | Jelly-like substance used to burn Viet Cong out of forests and burn villages to the ground. Caused intense psychological warfare |
| Agent Orange | Chemical used to kill leaves from trees so Viet Cong could not hide. Caused increased rates of cancer and sickness in U.S. and Vietnamese soldiers |
| Effects of the Vietnam War | U.S. pulls away from foreign affairs for some time and leads U.S. people to begin distrusting their government |
| Ngo Dinh Diem | Leader of South Vietnam who bans Buddhism. Leads many to hate his regime as well as the U.S. who supported him |
| Cambodia | Under Nixon, U.S. expands the Vietnam War into neighboring Cambodia, causing more antiwar protests in the U.S. |
| Lyndon B. Johnson | President from 1963-1969. Refuses to allow communism to spread in Southeast Asia and escalates the Vietnam War. Becomes the target of fierce antiwar protests and decides against running for reelection |
| Richard Nixon | President from 1969-1974. Wins the presidency by promising to end the Vietnam War but continues to escalate it, anger many in the U.S. Begins the Vietnamization plan to eventually end the war |
| Draft | U.S. begin drafting soldiers into Vietnam but disproportionately draft poor Americans and black Americans. Wealthy Americans could pay for someone to take their place |
| Draft Dodgers | People begin protesting the draft and refusing to fight. They move to Canada, go back to college, get married after high school, etc. to avoid the draft |
| Vietnam and Television | People watching the Vietnam War on tv saw that we were losing even though the government reported that we were losing. Caused a credibility gap between Americans and their government |
| Space Race | U.S. and USSR engage and competition to be the first to perform many different goals in space. Leads to higher U.S. math and science scores and new technologies (GPS) |
| JFK and the Space Race | JFK vows to put a man on the moon by the end of the decade. Apollo 11 officially lands men on the moon in 1969, giving the U.S. a victory in the space race |
| Kent State Shootings | Students protesting the expansion of the Vietnam War into Cambodia began protesting, leading the National Guard to fire into a crowd and kill 4 students |
| Pentagon Papers | Classified U.S. documents release to the New York Times that give the real reasons the U.S was fighting in Vietnam (wanted to contain China). Leads the U.S. to distrust their government more |
| U-2 Spy Plane Incident | Spy plane shot down in 1960 over the USSR. Eisenhower gets caught in a lie and Khrushchev angrily refuses to join in peace summit |
| Military Industrial Complex | Term used in Eisenhower's farewell address. Refers to how defense companies make money by selling weapons to the military who gladly uses them. Eisenhower warns against it growing |
Created by:
ahibbett
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