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Political Geography
AP HUG Political Geography terms
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| State | The largest political unit. Formal term for country. |
| Nation | A group of people who share certain things in common. |
| Nation-state | A singular nation of people who fulfill the qualifications of a state. |
| Stateless nation | Cultural groups that have no independent political entity. |
| Multinational state | A country that contains more than one nation. |
| Multi-state nation | When a nation has a state of its own but stretches across borders of other states. |
| Autonomous region | A defined area with a state that has a high degree of self-government from its parent state. |
| Nationalism | A nation's desire to create and maintain a state of its own. |
| Centripetal forces | A force that unifies people. |
| Centrifugal forces | A force that pulls people apart. |
| Imperialism | A variety of ways of influencing a county, by direct conquest. |
| Colonialism | A particular type of imperialism in which people move into and settle on the land of another country. |
| Neocolonialism | The use of economic, political, or cultural pressures to control or influence other countries. |
| Sovereignty | The power of a political unit to rule over its own affairs. |
| Territoriality | Refers to how people use space to communicate ownership or occupancy of areas and possessions. |
| Organic Theory | The idea that nations need nutrition to survive. |
| Rimland Theory | Argued that power is derived from controlling strategic maritime areas of the world. |
| Heartland Theory | Argued that land-based power was essential in achieving global domination. |
| Core | Places where economic power, and advanced technology in concentrated. |
| Periphery | Places that are not wealthy, not a lot of economic power, etc. |
| Semi-periphery | Places that have higher standard of living than periphery but lower than core. |
| Unitary state | Governed as a single entity. Central government has full control. (China) |
| Federal state | A state where power has been divided between areas in the state. (USA) |
| Devolution | The transfer or delegation of power to a lower level. |
| Majority-minority district | A district in which one racial or ethnic group makes up a large enough population to assure they have a reasonable chance to elect the candidate of their choice. |
| Gerrymandering | To change boundaries to favor a party. |
| Reapportionment | How seats in the legislature body are distributed throughout the districts. |
| Geopolitics | The study of the interplay between international political relations and what territory is effected by it. |
| Geometric boundary | A political boundary that is a clear and neat geometric shape. |
| Physical boundary | A natural boundary between two states. |
| Antecedent boundary | A boundary that existed before the land was populated by the current people. |
| Subsequent boundary | A political boundary created after two groups have already settled there. |
| Relic boundary | A boundary that is no longer used but can still be seen on the land. |
| Superimposed boundary | A boundary created by the people not in that area. (An outside force) |
| Irredentism | Advocating the restoration to a country of any territory that belonged to it before. |
| Compact state | A state that is small and centralized. (Kenya) |
| Elongated state | States that are way longer in one direction than the other. (Chile) |
| Prorupted state | A state that has a main body, then an extension/tail. (Thailand) |
| Perforated state | A state that completely surrounds another state. (South Africa) |
| Microstate | A very small country. (Andorra) |
| Fragmented state | A state that is split up into pieces of territory. (Indonesia) |
| Supernationalism | The process of nation states organizing politically and economically into one organization/alliance. (UN, EU, WTO) |
| Balkanization | The fragmentation of a region into smaller political units. (Yugoslavia breaking up) |
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