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WORLD HISTORY FRANKS
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| A feudal system, or feudalism = | A system in which landholders provide land to tenants in exchange for loyalty and service. |
| Serfs = | an agricultural laborer (bounded by feudal system) works on his lord's estate. |
| Common law = | the same laws throughout England |
| Czar = | a Russian word for ruler or emperor |
| The Black Death or Bubonic Plague = | A serious global disease that killed 1/3 of the population of Europe in the mid-1300s. Spread by flea-ridden rats. May have ended through quarantines. Had big consequences fewer farmers , questioning of authority, rebellions, and abandonment of towns. |
| The Crusades = | a series of religious wars between Christians and Muslims started mostly to secure control of holy sites considered sacred by both groups. Eight major Crusade expeditions (1095 and 1291). |
| Avignon (The capital of the papacy)- | The city which the Popes fled when leaving the corruption of Rome. |
| Cardinal- | A title given to prominent priests of important churches. |
| Saxons - | - Their language combined with that of the Angles to create English - Name comes from seax, a knife used by the tribe. - Germanic tribe from the North Sea coast. - Settled and controlled southeast Britain by the 5th century. |
| Magyars - | -Defeated at the Battle of Augsburg in 955 by King Otto I. - Originally from western Siberia. - Were excellent nomadic horsemen, skilled with the bow & arrow. - Attacked Western Europe from the East through Russia. |
| Vikings | - Seafaring invaders from Scandinavia. - They founded Dublin and other trading towns in Ireland. - Leif Eriksson made it all the way to North America. - Used wooden longships for hit and run raids on European villages. |
| What was the effect of these migrations and invasions on Europe? | Destruction, deaths, new cultures, and new empires. |
| England - | - William the Conqueror leads the Norman Conquest. - Common Law develops under King Henry II. - King John signed the Magna Carta, limiting the King’s power. |
| France - | - Hugh Capet established rule from Paris - The Moors settled here after defeat by Charles the Hammer. |
| Spain - | - Ferdinand and Isabella unified the country and expelled Muslim Moors. - Clovis united the Franks under his rule by killing off his competition. |
| Russia - | - Ivan the Great threw off the rule of the Mongols. - The Orthodox Church influenced unification. - Power was centralized in the hands of the tsar. |
| 1st Crusade (1096 - 1099) REASON | The First Crusade began in 1096, under the dominion of Pope Urban II. |
| 1st Crusade (1096 - 1099) KEY EVENTS | Bands of skilled noble warriors headed east toward the Holy Land. Most of the warriors came from France and before reaching the Holy Land they successfully conquered Anatolia. When they reached Jerusalem in 1099 there were approximately 10,000 soldiers! |
| 1st Crusade (1096 - 1099) RESULT | Jerusalem was finally conquered after a deadly five-week siege and a horrible massacre of its inhabitants. |
| 2nd Crusade (1147- 1149 ) REASON | In 1144, Edessa became the first Christian state that the Seljuk Turks, a group of Muslims, reconquered. When Edessa was reconquered, Christians called for a Second Crusade to get it back. |
| 2nd Crusade (1147- 1149 ) KEY EVENTS | At the call of Pope Eugene III, both France and Germany sent troops (separately) for a Second Crusade. Unfortunately, both sets of troops were defeated miserably. (army of 50,000 (the largest Crusader force yet)) |
| 2nd Crusade (1147- 1149 ) RESULT | Nur al-Din added Damascus to his expanding empire in 1154. Crusaders fail to recover lands. |
| 3rd Crusade (1189-1192 ) REASON | In 1187, Saladin began a major campaign and took control of Jerusalem. Outrage over these defeats inspired the Third Crusade, led by Emperor Frederick Barbarossa, King Philip II of France, and King Richard I of England (Richard the Lionheart). |
| 3rd Crusade (1189-1192 ) KEY EVENTS | Unlike when the Christians in the First Crusade conquered Jerusalem, Saldin forbade the killing of civilians and for a time there was even trade between Christians and Muslims. Christians tried to conquer Jerusalem back from the Muslims again. |
| 3rd Crusade (1189-1192 ) RESULT | Ultimately, the Christians regained part of the Holy Land but lost their fight to conquer Jerusalem. They did, however, negotiate a deal allowing Christian pilgrims access to Jerusalem. |
| 4th Crusade (1204) REASON | Power struggles between Europe and Byzantium drove the Crusaders to divert their mission in order to topple the reigning Byzantine emperor, Alexius III |
| 4th Crusade (1204) KEY EVENTS | The new emperor’s attempts to submit the Byzantine church to Rome was met with stiff resistance, and Alexius IV was strangled. |
| 4th Crusade (1204) RESULT | Fourth Crusade ended with the devastating Fall of Constantinople, marked by a bloody conquest, looting and near-destruction of the magnificent Byzantine capital later that year. |
| Children´s Crusade (1212) REASON | Nicholas of Cologne said he was inspired by God to lead a Children’s Crusade to the Holy Land. The goal was for children to convert Muslims to Christianity through peaceful means. |
| Children´s Crusade (1212) KEY EVENTS | Thousands of young people joined Nicholas’s cause, though many turned back when the Pope urged them to go home. |
| Children´s Crusade (1212) RESULT | Unfortunately for those who journeyed to the Holy Land, most were eventually sold into slavery. |
| Charlemagne (BECOMING KING) | After Pepin’s death in 768, the Frankish kingdom was divided between Charlemagne and his brother Carloman. The brothers had a strained relationship; however, with Carloman death in 771, a 24-year-old Charlemagne became the sole ruler of the Franks. |
| Charlemagne (Expansion of the Franks’ KIngdom) | Sought to unite all the Germanic peoples into one, and convert them to Christianity. To do this, he engaged in military campaigns, earned a reputation as ruthless. At the Massacre of Verden, killed 5,000 Saxons. anyone not Christian be dead. |
| Charlemagne (Crowned Holy Roman Emperor) | He gave money and land to the Christian church and protected the popes. To acknowledge his power and reinforce his relationship with the church, Pope Leo III crowned him emperor of the Romans and first ruler of the vast Holy Roman Empire. |
| Charlemagne (Government & Reforms) | Promoted education and Carolingian Renaissance, renewed emphasis on scholarship and culture. instituted economic and religious reforms, driving force of Carolingian minuscule, a standardized form of writing became a basis for modern European writing. |
| The Commercial Revolution - | A period of European economic expansion, The cause was Europe's discovery and colonization of the Americas. helped to connect Europe with the rest through trade, commerce, and investing. European influence to other countries, viceversa |
| _______ the pope who issued the call for the First Crusade | Urban II |
| _________ the English king who led the 3rd Crusade | Richard the Lionhearted |
| _________ the practice of selling positions in the Church | Simony |
| _________ the organized effort to drive the muslims out of Spain for control of the Iberian Peninsula King Ferdinand and queen isabella of Spain wants a Christian Spain, | Reconquista |
| _________the most famous and respected Muslim leader of his age, who famously defeated a massive army of Crusaders in the Battle of Hattin and captured the city of Jerusalem in 1187. | Saladin |
| _________ the Church court used in Spain to persecute Jews and Muslims | Inquisition |
| _________the Crusade that resulted in the looting of Constantinople by Western Christians | 4th crusade |
| _________ the Crusade that resulted in the capture of Jerusalem by the Christians | 1st Crusade |
| _________the Crusade that resulted in the signing of a truce and an agreement to allow Christian pilgrims to visit Jerusalem | 3rd Crusade |
| Estates-General = | was a meeting of elected representatives of the 3 estates (clergy, nobility, commoners) who had the power to decide on new taxes and to undertake reforms in the country.. Met when summoned by the king, |
| A fief - | was a small piece of land granted to someone for their services. |
| Great Schism - | was the result of an extended period of tension and sometimes estrangement between then (western) Roman Catholic and (Byzantine) Eastern Orthodox churches. - due to a complex mix of religious disagreements and political conflicts. (religious icons.) |
| Teenage Joan of Arc - | - said heavenly voices told her to save France -Led a French army to victory at orleans -Captured by English and burned for witchcraft - Inspired French to rally, drive English out of France - she turned the tide the 100 Year War in favor of French |
| Effects of the Crusades | - Feudalism breaks down, kings gain authority over Pope and nobles - Bitterness among Muslims, Christians, and Jews - Byzantine Empire weakens - Interactions lead to establishment of trade networks |
| Jan Hus - | Church services in the vernacular |
| John Wycliffe - | forerunner of the Protestant Reformation., believed that the teachings of the Bible were more important than the Pope. |
| The Hundred Years’ War | - England vs. France - Fought from 1337 - 1453 due to conflicts over French lands and - crown - English were winning at first due to superior weapons (longbow) - French wins later with Joan of Arc's support |
| King Henry II = | - King of England from 1154- 1189 Helped establish the Common Law System - the same laws throughout England His son King John was forced to sign the Magna Carta |
| Magna Carta (1215) = | King John of England was forced to sign this document stating that the king was not above the law of the land and protecting the rights of the people. Today, it is considered one of the most important documents in the history of democracy. |
| Three-field system | One-third of land left unplanted each year to increase fertility |
| Vassals | Members of the military elite who received land or a benefice from a lord in return for military service and loyalty. |
| William the Conqueror | Invaded England from Normandy in 1066; established tight feudal system and centralized monarchy in England. |
| Manorial system - | System of economic and political relations between landlords and their peasant laborers during the Middle Ages; involved a hierarchy of reciprocal obligations that exchanged labor for access to land. |
| Missionaries - | ensured that Christianity spread across Europe in the Middle Ages and then to the New World. |
| Parliament - | an assembly of prominent men, summoned at the will of the King once or twice a year, to deal with matters of state and law. |
| Philip II - (1180 to 1223) | was the king of France gained domination by military and diplomatic means, laying the foundations for its expansion under his son. made the Crown more powerful than any feudal king, turned the balance of power in favor of France |
| Battle of Agincourt, (October 25, 1415) = | decisive battle in the Hundred Years' War that resulted in the victory of the English over the French. The English army, led by King Henry V, famously achieved victory because of longbows in spite of the numerical superiority of its opponent. |
| Battle of Hastings (October 14, 1066) | King Harold II of England was defeated by the invading Norman forces of William the Conqueror. By the end of the bloody, all-day battle, Harold was dead and his forces were destroyed. |
| Battle of Tours (10 October 732), | Frankish leader Charles Martel, a Christian, defeats a large army of Spanish Moors, halting the Muslim advance into Europe. |
| Germanic Kingdoms | Formed out of early barbarian tribes Lived in small communities with unwritten customs Led by kings and warrior nobles based on loyalty Most successful Germanic Kingdom was established by the Franks |
| Results of Germanic Invasions | Trade declined Roads, bridges, and cities fell into disrepair No law No learning except in monasteries Loss of a common language due to many dialects |
| The Franks | Germanic group in Gual United by King Clovis I Converted to Catholicism and aligned with the Church Founded the Merovingian dynasty |
| Charles Martel | Known as “Charles the Hammer” (like GOD) Becomes “Mayor of the Palace” (majordomo) in 714 CE Wins Battle of Tours in 732 CE - stopping Muslim spread into Europe |
| Pepin The Short | Charles Martel’s son and a strict Catholic Protected Catholic Church against invading Germanic tribe the Lombards The Church anointed him “King by the Grace of God” Founder of the Carolingian dynasty - ruled from 751-987 |
| Holy Roman Emperor Charlemagne ( 768-814 ) (Son of Pepin the Short ) | Extended Frankish Empire, spread Chiristianity, and encouraged learning Protected Catholic Church (Killed 5,000 for not believing in christianity in Verdun) Crowned on Christmas Day, 800 CE by Pope Leo III becomes known as “Holy Roman Emperor” |
| Influence of the Roman Catholic Church | Secular authority declines and Church authority grew Monasteries preserved Greco-Roman culture and achievements Missionaries bring Christianity and Latin alphabet to Germanic tribes Parish priests serve religious and social needs of the people |
| Europe after Chrlemagne | Charlemagne’s death marked the end of a strong, central government in Western Europe. A series of invasions destroy the Carolingian empire |
| Feudalism | People no longer trust that a king can protect them from Invaders Look to local rules with their own forces Anyone with land and the ability to raise an army had power Nobles exchange land for loyalty and military aid |
| England (Under Roman control until 410 CE) | Germanic tribes the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes come over from Europe King Alfred the Great unites Anglo-Saxon kingdoms in the 870s Later defended the kingdom against Viking conquest Alfred’s grandson AEthelstan became the first King of England in 927 |
| William the Duke of Normandy | wanted the throne Normandy was a former Viking settlement in France He leads Norman Conquest of England in 1066 C.E. Wins the Battle of Hastings to control England |
| France Not a nation but a collection of small feudal lands _____ _____ elected to throne by nobles in 987 CE - began the Capetian family rule. The “Capetians” expand control Enlarged territory and appointed officials across France | Hugh Capet |
| Key effects of the Hundred years war: | Each country feels unity Helps lead to the decline of feudalism More people in towns New middle class willing to pay taxes for armies |
| Why go on a crusade | knights : use fighting skills, adventure Possible wealth or instant salvation if killed Peasants: freedom from feudal bonds |
| Why did the pope want a crusade? | Increase power in Europe Heal split between Roman Catholic and Byzantine/Greek Orthodox Church Saw land in the Middle East as a good place for Europe’s growing population |
| Effects of the Crusades | Feudalism breaks down, kings gain authority over Pope and nobles Bitterness among Muslims, Christians, and Jews Byzantine Empire weakens Interactions lead to establishment of trade networks |
| The Inquisition | Inquisition court set up to try people accused of heresy (an opinion contrary to generally accepted beliefs Isabella targeted the Jews and Muslims in Spain Anyone who refused to convert to Christianity was tortured or burned at the stake. |
Created by:
Alynna
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