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Unit Vocabulary
Unit 8 APUSH Vocabulary
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Cold War | conflict centered on the intense rivalry between the Communist Soviet Union and the Democratic United States |
| Soviet Union | communist group made up of 15 European countries |
| Joseph Stalin | leader of the Soviet Union |
| United Nations | created to provide representation to all member nations |
| Security Council | made up by 15 members to maintain international security security and authorizing peacekeeping missions |
| World Bank | bank to fund rebuilding of a war-torn world |
| satellites | nations under the control of a great power |
| Winston Churchill | British Prime Minister (1940-1945) and (1951-1955) |
| Iron Curtain | metaphor used to throughout the Cold War to refer to the division between the U.S allies in Western Europe and Soviet allies in Eastern Europe. |
| containment policy | designed to prevent Soviet expansion without staring a war |
| George Marshall | adviser; Secretary of State General |
| Dean Acheson | adviser; Undersecretary of State |
| George F. Kennan | adviser; an expert on Soviet affairs |
| Truman Doctrine | American foreign policy pledging American support for democracies against authoritarian threat |
| Marshall Plan | program of U.S economic aid to help European nations revive their economies and strengthen democratic governments |
| Berlin airlift | airlift (fly of supplies) by Western allies to counter the Berlin blockade imposed by the Soviet regime |
| West Germany | Federal Republic of Germany; U.S ally |
| East Germany | German Democratic Republic; Soviet Satellite |
| North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) | Composed of ten European nations joining the United States and Canada; military alliance for defending all members from outside attacks |
| Warsaw Pact | Soviet military alliance for the defense of the Communist states of Eastern Europe |
| National Security | Act passed by the U.S to centralize the Department of Defense to coordinate the operations of the army, navy, and air force, and the creation of Nations Security Council and the Central Intelligence Agency |
| arms race | competition to develop superior weapons systems |
| NSC-68 | secret report by the National Security Council with certain measure to fight the Cold War |
| Douglas MacArthur | General who took firm charge of the reconstruction of Japan |
| U.S.-Japanese security treaties | signing of treaties where Japan gave up its claims to Korea and some Pacific islands |
| Chiang Kai-shek | used his command of the Nationalist party to control China's central government |
| Mao Zedong | leader of the Chinese Communists |
| Taiwan | island which was once under Japanese rule (Formosa) |
| People's Republic of China | Mao Zedong's regime in Beinjing |
| 38th parallel | division of the former Japanese colony, Korea |
| Kim II Sung | Communist leader in the North |
| Syngman Rhee | Conservative nationalist in the South |
| Korean War | war between North and South Korea |
| John Foster Dulles | Secretary of State who helped to shape U.S. foreign policy |
| brinkmanship | Dulles declared that if the U.S. pushed Communist powers to the brink of war, they would back down because of American nuclear superiority |
| massive retaliation | strategy where a group commits itself to retaliate in much greater force in the event of an attack |
| Korean armistice | an agreement to try and end the war |
| atoms for peace | plan to slowdown in the arms race |
| open-skies policy | open to aerial photography by the opposing nation to eliminate the chance of a surprise nuclear attack |
| spirit of Geneva | produced the first thaw in the Cold War |
| Nikita Khrushchev | Soviet leader |
| peaceful coexistence | supported by Khrushchev, denouncing the crimes done by Stalin, for peaceful behavior with the West |
| Hungarian Revolt | revolt by the people of Hungary because of the lack of necessary life needs |
| Sputnik | launch of first satellites by the Soviet Union |
| National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) | created to direct the U.S. efforts to build missiles and explore outer space |
| U-2 incident | incident that exposed a secret U.S. tactic for gaining information |
| Cuba | Communist country |
| Fidel Castro | political leader who overthrew Cuban dictator Fulgencio Batista |
| military-industrial complex | relationship between a country's military and the defense industry that supplies it |
| Bay of Pigs | Bay in Cuba |
| Berlin Wall | gloomy symbol of the Cold War until it was torn down by East Germans |
| Cuban missile crisis | established a telecommunications hotline between Washington and Moscow so the countries' leaders could talk directly during a crisis |
| Nuclear Test Ban Treaty | treaty to end the testing of nuclear weapons in the atmosphere |
| flexible-response policy | reduced the risk of using nuclear weapons, but also increasing the temptation to send elite special forces into combat all over the globe |
| Non-Proliferation Treaty | each signatory agreed not to help other countries develop or acquire nuclear weapons |
| Henry Kissinger | national security adviser, became Secretary of State during Richard M. Nixon's second term |
| detente | deliberate reduction of Cold War tensions |
| antiballistic missiles (AMBs) | new technology that would have expanded the arms race |
| Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT) | two rounds of bilateral conferences and corresponding international treaties involving the U.S. and the Soviet Union |
| Loyalty Review Board | set up to investigate the background of more than 3 million federal employees |
| Dennis et al. v. United States | Supreme Court case relating General Secretary of the Communist Party, Eugene Dennis |
| Smith Act (1940) | made it illegal to advocate or teach the overthrow of the government by force |
| McCarran Internal Security Act (1950) | made it unlawful to advocate or support the establishment of a totalitarian government, restricted the employment and travel of those joining Communist-front organizations, and authorized the creation of detention camps for subversives |
| House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) | originally established in 1939 to seek out Nazis, was reactivated in the postwar years to find Communists |
| Whittaker Chambers | confessed Communist, star witness for the HUAC |
| Alger Hiss | prominent official in the State Department who had assisted Roosevelt at the Yalta Conference |
| Julius and Ethel Rosenberg | they were found guilty of treason and executed in 1963 |
| Joseph McCarthy | Republican senator from Wisconsin |
| McCarthyism | "witch hunt" for Communists |
| Harry S. Truman | president after Franklin Roosevelt's death |
| Employment Act of 1946 | watered down version of the full employment bill by Truman |
| Council of Economic Advisers | served to advise the president and congress on means of promoting national economic welfare |
| Servicemen's Readjustment Act (GI Bill of Rights or GI Bill) | proved powerful support during the transition of 15 million veterans to a peacetime economy |
| baby boom | explosion in marriages and births |
| Levittown | project of 17,000 mass-produced, low-priced family homes on Long Islands, New York |
| Sun Belt | warmer climate, lower taxes, and economic opportunities in defense-related industries |
| 22nd Amendment | constitutional amendment to limit a president to a maximum of two full terms in office |
| Taft-Hartley Act | probusiness act |
| Fair Deal | ambitious reform program |
| Dwight D. Eisenhower | president in the 1950s |
| Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (HEW) | created by Eisenhower to consolidate welfare programs |
| soil-bank program | reduced farm production and increased from income |
| modern Republicanism | Eisenhower's balanced and moderate approach to Republicanism |
| Highway Act | authorized the construction of 42,000 miles of interstate highways |
| interstate highways | highways linking all the nation's major cities |
| New Frontier | domestic social and economic reform |
| Trade Expansion Act | authorized tariff reductions with the new European Economic Community of Western European Nations |
| New Federalism | shift of responsibility for social programs from the federal to the state and local levels |
| revenue sharing | hoped to check the growth of the federal government and return responsibility to the states |
| stagflation | stagnation and inflation |
| television | programming catering of family life |
| credit cards | creation for form of payment |
| fast food | restaurants for quick serving |
| paperback books | soft covered books |
| rock and roll | blend of African American rhythm and blues sounds with White country music |
| conglomerates | independent businesses |
| The Lonely Crowd | Harvard sociologist David Riesman criticized the replacement of "inner-directed" individuals in society with "other-directed" conformists |
| The Affluent Society | economist John Kenneth Galbraith wrote about the failure of wealthy Americans to address the need for increased social spending for the common good |
| The Catcher in the Rye | novel providing commentary on "phoniness" fro the view of a troubled teenager |
| Catch-22 | Joseph Heller satirized the rigidity of the military and the insanity of war |
| beatniks | advocated spontaneity, use of drugs, and rebellion agains societal standards |
| Warren Commission | headed by Chief Justice Earl Warren, concluded that Oswald was the lone assassin |
| Jackie Robinson | baseball player; first African American to play on a major league team since the 1880s |
| Nation Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) | association working to overturn Supreme Court decision in Plessy v. Ferguson |
| Thurgood Marshall | leader of team of NAACP lawyers |
| Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka | argued that segregation of Black children in public schools was unconstitutional because it violated the 14th amendment |
| Earl Warren | Chief Justice ruled that "separate facilities are inherently unequal" and hence unconstitutional, and school segregation should end with "all deliberate speed" |
| Southern Manifesto | condemned the Supreme Court for a "clear abuse of judicial power" |
| desegregation | ending of segregation |
| Little Rock | High School |
| Rosa Parks | active member of the local chapter of the NAACP |
| Martin Luther King Jr. | minister of a Montgomery Baptist church and emerging inspirational leader of a nonviolent movement to end segregation |
| nonviolent movement | peaceful protests and activism |
| Montgomery bus boycott | bus boycott initiated by Parks's bus situation |
| Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) | organized ministers and churches in the South to get behind the civil rights struggle |
| sit-in movement | sit-in started after being refused service at a Whites-only Woolsworth's lunch counter |
| Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) | organized to promote voting rights and to end segregation |
| Civil Rights Commission | gave Justice Department new powers to protects the voting rights of African Americans |
| decolonization | collapse of colonial empires |
| Third World | countries lack stable political and economic institutions |
| CIA | first line of defense for the United States |
| Iran | country in Western Asia |
| Suez crisis | Egyptian government seized control of the Suez Canal from the British and French owned company that owned it |
| Eisenhower Doctrine | the U.S. in 1957 pledged economic and military aid to any Middle Eastern country threatened by communism |
| Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) | hoped to expand their political power by coordinating their oil policies |
| Yom Kippur | Jewish holy day |
| Camp David Accords | provided framework for a peace settlement between their countries |
| Peace Corps | an organization that recruited young American volunteers to give technical aid to developing countries |
| Alliance for Progress | U.S. program that promoted land reform and economic development in Latin America |
| Ngo Dinh Diem | ruled over South Vietnam |
| domino theory | if South Vietnam fell under Communist control, one nation after another in Southeast Asia would also fall, until Australia and New Zealand were in dire danger |
| John Foster Dulles | Secretary of State who put together SEATO |
| Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) | regional defense pact |
| Tokin Gulf Resolution | gave the president, as commander in chief, a blank check to take "all necessary measures" to protect U.S. interests in Vietnam |
| General William Westmoreland | commander of the U.S. forces in Vietnam |
| credibility gap | misinformation from military and civilian leaders along with Johnsons's reluctance to speak frankly to the American people |
| hawks | supporters of the war |
| doves | opponents of the war |
| Tet Offensive | all out surprise attack on almost every provincial capital and American base in South Vietnam |
| Robert F. Kennedy | Kennedy's younger brother, Robert became a senator from New York |
| George Wallace | conservative running in election of 1968 |
| Richard Nixon | conservative running in election of 1968 |
| Democratic Convention in Chicago | democrats met in Chicago for party conventions |
| Hubert Humphrey | liberal Vice President running in election of 1968 |
| White backlash | growing hostility of Whites to federal desegregation |
| Vietnamization | gradually withdraw U.S. troops from Vietnam and give the South Vietnamese the money, weapons, and training needed to the over full conduct of the war |
| Nixon Doctrine | declared that in the future Asian allies would receive U.S. support but without the extensive use of the U.S. ground forces |
| Kent State | University in Ohio |
| My Lai | Vietnamese village |
| Pentagon Papers | secret government study documenting the mistakes and deceptions of government policymakers in dealing with Vietnam |
| Paris Accords | promised a cease-fire and free elections |
| War Powers Act | law required Nixon and any future president to report to Congress within 48 hours after taking military action |
| Lyndon Johnson | president after Kennedy's assassination in Dallas |
| Great Society | Johnsons's program to expand the social reforms of the New Deal |
| The Other America | Michael Harrington's best-selling book on poverty |
| Michael Harrington | author of The Other America |
| war on poverty | statement by Johnson; 40 million Americans were living in poverty |
| Barry Goldwater | Senator of Arizona |
| Nation Foundation on the Arts and Humanities | provided federal funding for the arts and for the creative and scholarly projects |
| Medicare | provided health insurance for all people 65 and older |
| Medicaid | provided funds to states to pay for medical care for the poor and disabled |
| Elementary and Secondary Education Act | provided federal funds to poor school districts and funds for special education programs |
| Department of Transportation (DOT) | cabinet department for transportation |
| Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) | cabinet department to provide house support and uplift communities |
| Ralph Nader | author |
| Unsafe at Any Speed | book by Ralph Nader, which influence automobile industry regulations |
| Rachel Carson | creator of Silent Spring |
| Silent Spring | expose by Rachel Carson |
| Beautify America | campaign initiated by Lady Johnson which resulted in the Highway Beautification Act |
| Immigration Act of 1965 | ended the ethnic quota acts of the 1920 favoring Europeans and thereby opened the U.S. to immigrants fro all parts of the world |
| James Meredith | young African American Air Force Veteran |
| Letter from Birmingham Jail | letter Martin Luther King Jr. wrote in jail |
| March on Washington | peaceful march in support of jobs and the civil rights bill |
| "I Have a Dream" speech | King's speech appealing for the end go racial prejudice |
| Civil Rights Acts | act that made segregation illegal in all public facilities |
| Equal Employment Opportunity Commission | looking forward to end discrimination in employment based on sex, race, religion, or national origin |
| 24th Amendment | voting couldn't be prevented or argued against based on unpaid poll tax |
| March to Montgomery | voting rights march from Selma, Alabama, to the state capital of Montgomery |
| Voting Rights Acts of 1965 | ended literacy tests and provided federal registrars in areas where African Americans had been kept from voting |
| Malcom X | Malcom Little who became a convert while serving in prison |
| Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) | civil rights organization |
| Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) | civil rights organization |
| Stokely Carmichael | chairman of SNCC, repudiated nonviolence and advocated "black power and racial separatism" |
| Black Panthers | organized by Huey Newton, Bobby Seale, and other militants as a revolutionary socialist movement advocating self rule for American blacks |
| Watts | black neighborhood in Los Angeles |
| race riots | casualties and destruction of property |
| Kerner Commission | commission to examine the causes of the racial unrest in Detroit, Newark, and other American cities |
| de facto segregation | situation in which legislation did not overtly segregate students based on race, but nevertheless segregation continued |
| women's movement | civil rights movement for women advancement |
| Betty Friedman | American feminist writer |
| The Feminine Mystique | book by Betty Friedman |
| National Organization for Women (NOW) | adopted activist tactics from other civil rights movements to secure equal treatment of women |
| Equal Pay Act of 1963 | indiscrimination law |
| Civil Rights Act of 1964 | indiscrimination law |
| Title IX | statute to end sex discrimination in schools that receive federal funding |
| Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) | "Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of sex" |
| Cesar Chavez | Latin American activist |
| United Farm Workers Association | group to help advancement of farm workers |
| American Indian Movement (AIM) | movement for American Indians to achieve self determination and revival of tribal traditions |
| Indian Self-Determination Act of 1975 | gave reservations and tribal lands greater control over internal programs, education, and law enforcement |
| gay rights movement | gay activists urging homosexuals to be open about their identity and work to end discrimination |
| Warren Court | made a series of decisions that profoundly affected the criminal justice system, state political system, and the definition of individual rights |
| Mapp v. Ohio | ruled that evidence seized illegally cannot be used against the accused in court |
| Gideon v. Wainwright | required that state courts provide counsel (services of attorney) for indigent (poor) defendants |
| Escobedo v. Illinois | extended the ruling in Gideon, giving suspects the right to have a lawyer present during questioning |
| Miranda v. Arizona | extended the ruling in Escobedo to require the police to inform an arrested person of his or her right to remain silent |
| Baker v. Carr | Warren court established the principle of "one man, one vote" |
| one man, one vote | election districts would have to be redrawn to provide equal representation for all citizens |
| Yates v. United States | 1st amendment protected radical and revolutionary speech, even by Communists, unless it was a "clear and present danger" to the safety of the country |
| Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) | radical student organization |
| New Left | activists and intellectuals who supported Hayden's ideas |
| Free Speech Movement | student protest which took place r on the campus of the University of California, Berkeley |
| Yippies | members of the The Youth International Party (YIP), an American youth-oriented radical and countercultural revolutionary offshoot of the free speech and anti-war movements |
| Weather Underground | far-left militant organization |
| counterculture | culture whose values and norms of behavior differ substantially from those of mainstream society |
| folk music | type of traditional and generally rural music |
| rock music | genre of popular music that originated as rock and roll |
| Woodstock | music festival held in 1969 |
| Alfred Kinsey | renowned biologist, professor, and sexologist who is best known for his work regarding human sexuality |
| sexual revolution | social and cultural movement that resulted in liberalized attitudes toward sex and morality |
| Paul Ehrlich | author of The Population Bomb, warned against overgrowing populations and limited resources |
| The Population Bomb | book by Ehrlich predicting worldwide famine due to overpopulation |
| Three Mile Island | nuclear power plant |
| Earth Day | event to demonstrate environmental protection |
| "Earthrise" | photograph of Earth and some of the Moon's surface, taken from lunar orbit by William Anders in 1968 |
| Wilderness Act | act that prohibits commercial activities within wilderness areas |
| Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) | federal agency that protects people and the environment from significant health risks and conducts research |
| Clean Air Act | air quality law to reduce and control air pollution nationwide |
| Clean Water Act | law based on pollution control and water quality of the Nation's waterways |
| Superfund Act | law to provide liability, compensation, cleanup, and emergency response for harmful substances released into the environment |
| Endangered Species Act | provides protection establishes protection for wildlife, and plants that are endangered |
| greenhouse gases | gas that absorbs and emits radiant energy within the thermal infrared range |
| climate change | long term shifts in temperatures and weather patterns |
| antinuclear movement | social movement that opposes nuclear technologies |
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