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Unit 5
APUSH
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Manifest Destiny | The popular belief that the United States had a divine mission to extend its power and civilization across the breadth of North America |
| Great American desert | The arid region between the Mississippi Valley and the Pacific Coast |
| Mountain men | Fur traders known as mountain men were the earliest non-native individuals to open the Far West |
| Far west | California, Oregon |
| Overland trails | The Oregon, California, Santa Fe, and Mormon trails that were followed during the westward expansion |
| Mining frontier | The discovery of gold in California in 1848 |
| Gold rush | The huge migration from 1848-1860s to the west after the discovery of gold. |
| Silver rush | Along with the gold rush, a huge migration to west due to discovery of silver in 1848-1860. |
| Farming frontier | The beginning of farming on the western lands for middle class. |
| Urban frontier | Western cities that arose as a result of railroads, mineral wealth, and farming. |
| John Tyler | The first VP to succeed to the presidency after Harrison’s death. |
| Oregon territory | land claimed by both US and Britain and held under the Convention of 1818 |
| “fifty-four forty or fight!” | A political slogan of the Democrats in the election of 1844 claiming 54 degrees 40 was the boundary of the Oregon territory. |
| James K. Polk | Won the election of 1854 and wanted Texas in the union. // Protégé of Andrew Jackson, // |
| Texas | 2nd largest state which the us paid 15 million for it as consequence to the war instead of the original 25 million offered. |
| Stephen Austin | The original settler of Texas pushing it to be a land free of slaves. |
| Antonio López de Santa Anna | Dictator of Mexico who abolished the nations federal system of government. |
| Sam Houston | A Leader who revolted and declared Texas an independent republic from Mexico. |
| Alamo | 1836 Mexican forces under Santa Anna massacred American rebels who were fighting to make Texas independent of Mexico |
| Webster-Ashburton Treaty | disputed territory was split between Maine and British Canada, also settled the boundary of Minnesota territory in 1842. |
| Foreign commerce | The growth in manufactured goods as well as in agricultural products allowing for growth in the exports and imports during the 1800s. |
| Exports and imports | Western grains, cotton |
| Matthew c. perry | A Commodore that traveled to Japan pressuring them to trade. |
| Kanagawa treaty | 1854, A result of Matthew c. Perrys pressuring which allowed U.S. ships to enter Japanese ports and take coal, soon leading to trade. |
| Mexican American war | 1846 – 1848, Polk declared war on Mexico over the dispute of land in Texas, causing America to end up with most of the land. |
| California | As a result of the war California and other states owned by Mexico was bought by America for 15 million |
| Nueces river | Mexico believed this river to be the border between Texas and Mexico. |
| Rio Grande | The river America said to be the border between Texas and Mexico. |
| Zachary Taylor | General who crossed the Rio Grande into Mexican territory, breaking the treaty. |
| Stephen Kearney | General who succeeded in taking New Mexico territory and southern California. |
| John c. Fremont | A leader who overthrew Mexican rule in norther California June 1864 which was proclaimed to be an independent republic. |
| Bear Flag Republic | The new republic flag included a California grizzly bear which was known as the bear flag republic. |
| Winfield Scott | A General who invaded central Mexico capturing the coastal city of Vera Cruz and Mexico City September 1857. |
| Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo | The treaty ending the war in terms favorable to the United States. |
| Mexican Cession | After Mexico’s loss the United States paid $15,000,000 to Mexico for new land west. |
| Wilmot Proviso | Proposed that slavery would not be allowed in any of the newly gained territory from Mexico. |
| Mountain men | Fur traders known as mountain men were the earliest non-native individuals to open the Far West |
| Ostend Manifesto (1852) | Franklin Pierces attempt to buy Spain after their decline through secret negotiations sending 3 American diplomats to Ostend and Belgium. |
| Walker Expedition | William Walker, started an expedition attempting to take Baja California from Mexico in 1853, failed but took Nicaragua to create a proslavery empire which soon fell, and walker was executed by Honduran authorities in 1860. |
| Clayton-Bulwer Treaty | 1850, provided that neither Britain nor America would attempt to take exclusive control of any future canal route in Central America. |
| Gadsden Purchase | 1853, the U.S. government paid Mexico $10,000,000 for the U.S. southern parts of what are now Arizona and New Mexico |
| Free-soil movement | Northern Democrats and Whigs supported the belief that all African Americans should be excluded from the Mexican Cession |
| “barnburners” | a party of Conscience Whigs and anti-slavery democrats whose defection threatened to destroy the democratic party. |
| Lewis Cass | Named the father of ‘’popular sovereignty’’ due to instead of allowing the government to determine slavery in the new territory, it should be determined by the people who lived there based on vote. |
| Popular sovereignty | Instead of congress making decisions, these decisions would be determined by vote of the people. |
| Zachary Taylor | Mexican War hero General who was nominated by the Whigs in the election of 1848 |
| Henry Clay | Established “The great compromise” |
| Compromise of 1850 | Admitting California into the union as a free state and allowed New Mexico and Utah to determine slavery themselves. |
| Industrial technology | industrialization of 1840 created shoes, sewing machines, ready to wear clothing, firearms, precision tools, and iron products for railroads, etc. |
| Elias howe | The inventor of the sewing machine which took clothing productions from homes into factories. |
| Samuel F. B. Morse | Inventor of the electric telegraph which went along with the growth of railroads improving communication and transportation across the country. |
| railroads | Railroads were vital to the westward expansion due to the fact it improved travel and made it easier to live in the west. |
| Panic of 1857 | The financial panic that lead to a decrease in prices for western agricultural products and an increase in unemployment towards the north while cotton prices remained high leading the south to believe their economy was superior. |
| nativism | Hostility towards immigrants, mainly German and Irish in 1840, leading to riots. |
| Irish | Immigrated from Ireland due to crop failures but were quickly discriminated against in America due to their roman catholic religion. |
| Roman Catholic | Religion formed by Germans and the Irish |
| Germans | Sook refuge in the U.S under modest means and soon began to have a growing influence while still Roman Catholics. |
| Tammany Hall | A political machine by Boss Tweed in New York that began accepting the Irish and soon was controlled by them in 1880. |
| Fugitive Slave Law | If any slaves escaped to the north they would be returned which drove a wedge between the north in the south due to some abolitionists not wanting to acknowledge this law. |
| Underground Railroad | a loose network of activists who helped enslaved people escape to freedom in the North or Canada. |
| Harriet Tubman | The most famous person to use the underground railroad escaping slavery and freeing 300 slaves in 19 trips to the south. |
| Uncle Tom’s Cabin | The most influential book of its time between a slave man, Tom and his brutal white slave owner, Simon Legree. |
| Harriet Beecher Stowe | Inspired Northerners and Europeans to see slave owners as cruel and inhuman. |
| Hinton R. Helper | Wrote a nonfiction book which attacked slavery from a different angle |
| Impending Crisis of the south | 1857, Book written by Hinton R. Helper using statistics to show slavery weakened the souths economy. |
| George Fitzhugh | A best known proslavery author which questioned the principles of equal rights for "unequal men" |
| Sociology for the south | A book written by George Fitzhugh attacking the wage system as being worse than slavery. |
| New England Emigrant Aid Company | 1855, paid for the transportation of antislavery settlers to Kansas attempting to give them an advantage over territory. |
| "bleeding Kansas" | Fighting between proslavery and abolitionists in the Kansas territory. |
| Pottawatomie Creek | John brown and his sons attacked a proslavery farm settlement, leaving 5 dead. |
| Lecompton Constitution | 1857, the attempt to hold Kansas as a slave state which was sent to congress by Buchanan leading to more controversy which congress declined. |
| Stephen A. Douglas | Senator of Illinois that proposed the idea of adding a railroad through the center of the country . |
| Kansas-Nebraska Act | 1854, gave the south the power to expand slavery into lands that had already been closed to it, diminishing the Missouri compromise |
| Franklin Pierce | A northerner candidate for the democrats due to the fact he supported the fugitive slave law making him a safe choice for all. |
| Know-Nothing Party | a party of mostly Ex-Whigs who were frightened of immigration possibly overrunning them. |
| Republican party | A party formed as a response to the Kansas Nebraska Act full of Whigs who opposed slavery and favored tariffs. |
| John C Frémont | The first candidate of the republican party for office in the election of 1856. |
| Millard Fillmore | 13th president nominated by the know-nothings winning 20 percent of the popular vote and was the last member of the know nothings party to hold office. |
| James Buchanan | Nominated by the democrats winning the election and becoming the 15th president. |
| Dred Scott v. Sandford | A 1857 supreme court case that ended with chief justice Roger Taney, a southern democrat that ruled Dred had no right to sue in a federal court because he was property and that the Missouri compromise was unconstitutional . |
| Roger Taney | A southern democrat who believed because Dred Scott was property he had no right to sue and that living in a free state for years did not make a slave free. |
| Lincoln-Douglas debates | During the race for senatorial vote Lincoln had multiple debates with Douglass mainly about slavery, eventually making him backtrack on his own words about the Dred Scott v Stanford case but eventfully Lincoln still lost in the end. |
| Abraham Lincoln | Nominated by the republican party in the election of 1860 ending up with most of the votes due to the democrats splitting their votes between 2 people. |
| House-divided speech | Speech made by Abraham Lincoln before he was elected stating that the United States will either be all slave or all free because it can't be half and half and still succeed. |
| Freeport Doctrine | A debate in freeport, Illinois where Lincolns challenged Douglas to reconcile popular sovereignty with the Dred Scott decision |
| Sumner-Brooks incident | Sumner was a senator and a foe of slavery in which he was physically attacked by senator brooks in retaliation for the speech he mad denouncing the proslavery Missourians who had crossed into Kansas |
| John Brown | The man who had massacred five farmers in Kansas in 1856 confirming the souths worst fears of radical abolitionism. |
| Harpers Ferry | Occurred in October of 1859. John Brown of Kansas attempted to create a major revolt among the slaves though ultimately failing in the end, brown became a martyr to the Northern abolitionist cause |
| John C. Breckenridge | VP nominated by southern democrats that held their own convention in Baltimore. |
| Constitutional Union Party | a group of former Whigs, Know-Nothings, and moderate Democrats. |
| John Bell | nominated by the constitutional union party who pledged enforcement of the laws, constitution and preservation of the union |
| secession | due to Lincoln winning the election, it was the last thing the south needed to decide to secede the union in fear of losing slaves. |
| Crittenden Compromise | A compromise made by Crittenden of the south in attempts to return the union to how it was but was ignored by Lincoln. |
| border states | Delaware, Maryland, Missouri and Kentucky were the border slave states that chose to stay in the union due to shrewd federal policies |
| Fort Sumter | Lincoln sent "food" to the small fort outside of South Carolina giving them the choice to hold out or open fire, in which Carolina opened fire in 1861 giving the north a reason to strike back and save the union |
| Confederate States Of America | A government designed by the south after seceding the union which denied confederate congress powers to impose protective tariffs and approve funds for internal improvements making this government one big mess. |
| Jefferson Davis | The president of the Confederate States Of America. |
| Alexander H. Stephens | Vice president of the Confederate States Of America. |
| Second American Revolution | the costliest American war resulting in the death of 750,000 people and freed 4 million enslaved African Americans. This transformed the American society through the acceleration of industrialization in the north, destroying most of the south. |
| Bull Run | The first major battle of the war which presented the souths strength with generals showing this would not be an easy war for the north |
| Thomas (Stonewall) Jackson | A general of the south who was able to counterattack sending inexperienced union troops running back to Washington. |
| Winfield Scott | General/Veteran who stayed with the union creating a 3 part strategy for winning the war. |
| Anaconda plan | The use of the U.S. navy to blockade southern ports, cutting off all their trade/supplies leaving them weakened. |
| George B. McClellan | A new commander of the union army in the east, insisting his troops go through training and eventually invading Virginia march 1862, losing in the end. |
| Robert E. Lee | The confederate general who stopped McClellan's army with brilliant tactical moves forcing him to retreat . |
| Antietam | Battle where Union troops under McClellan repulsed an invasion of the North by General Lee. It was the bloodiest day in American History with 22,000 dead. |
| Fredericksburg | A union army under burnside attacked lees army at Fredericksburg resulting in immense losses: 12,000 dead or wounded compared do the 5,000 confederate casualties |
| Monitor vs. Merrimac | The tides began to shift from wooden ships to metal which lead to a dual between these two "ironclads" that lasted 5 hours. |
| Ulysses S. Grant | Union military leader who was instrumental in taking the Mississippi river and making lee surrender, taking in 14,000 confederate soldiers. |
| Shiloh | A confederate army attack under Albert Johnson surprising Grant but ended up having the confederates retreat after both sides taking severe losses. |
| David Farragut | Union navy leader that captured New Orleans in 1862. |
| Vicksburg | 1863 battle that resulted in a victory for the Union. Grant took the city after a lengthy siege, giving the Union control of the Mississippi River. |
| Gettysburg | Three-day battle in July of 1863. General Meade repulsed Lee's invasion of the North at the town of Gettysburg. This battle is seen as the turning point of the war, and marks the last time that the Confederate Army would attempt an invasion of the North. |
| Sherman's March | William Tecumseh Sherman lead a force of 100,000 men setting out from Tennessee on a campaign of deliberate destruction that went across the state of Georgia leading north into South Carolina burning everything they might use to survive. |
| William Tecumseh Sherman | A veteran general of the union who was a pioneer of the tactics of total war. |
| Appomattox Court House | The confederates attempt to negotiate peace, though Lincoln was not planning on accepting anything less than restoration of the union. |
| Trent Affair | Confederate diplomats set out to Britain on a ship but were soon stopped by a union warship, were captured and sent to the U.S. as prisoners. Lincoln chose to set them free in which they still failed to gain recognition from France or Britain. |
| Alabama | Used warships from brutish shipyards and Captured more than 60 vessels before being sunk off the coast of France by the union. |
| greenbacks | Paper money issued by the union government during the civil war which contributed to the creeping inflation. |
| Morrill Tariff Act (1862) | 1861, raised tariff rates to increase revenue and foster American industry. |
| Morrill Land Grant Act (1862) | Bill passed by congress which encouraged states to use the sale of federal land grants that would maintain colleges and schools to educate in agriculture and become centers of research and renovation |
| Pacific Railway Act (1862) | Authorized the building of a transcontinental railroad in northern route to link California and western territories to eastern states. |
| Homestead Act (1862) | Bill passed by Republican-dominated Congress that gave out 160 acres of Western land if you worked on that land for five years. |
| habeas corpus | A court order requiring explanation to a judge why a prisoner is being held in custody. Suspended by Lincoln during the Civil War, suspension allowed him to detain 13,000 Northerners |
| confiscation Acts | Allowed the union army to seize enemy property including slaves being used to wage war against the U.S. Also allowed the president to use those freed in the union army to any capacity. |
| Emancipation Proclamation | Proclamation under Lincoln allowing all free slaves in the states and to be used at war. He justified this under "military necessity" |
| Ex Parte Milligan | The supreme court ruled that the government had improperly used civilians to military trials. |
| Copperheads | Also known as the "Peace Democrats" opposed the war and believed in negotiating peace. |
| Gettysburg Address | November 19th 1863, Lincoln rallied Americans with the idea that their nation was dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. |
| Massachusetts 54th Regiment | Segregated all-black units that won the respect of White Union soldiers for their bravery under fire with more than 37,000 African American soldiers that died in this "army of freedom" |
| 13th Amendment | 1865, Abolished slavery "except as a punishment for crime" meaning if convicted for any sort of offense they may be used as labor. |
| Civil Rights Act of 1866 | Gave all African Americans citizenship in the U.S. to counteract black codes. |
| 14th Amendment | Stated that anyone born or naturalized in the United States were citizens |
| equal protection of the laws | No state shall deny to any person within its jurisdiction giving all people access to courts and the law. |
| due process of law | Fairness in legal matters, especially in courts. |
| 15th Amendment | Prohibited any state from denying or abridging a citizen’s right to vote no matter the race which would soon be ratified in 1870. |
| Civil Rights Act of 1875 | This guaranteed equal accommodations and prohibited courts from excluding African Americans from juries. |
| Jay Gould | Obtained the help of President Grant’s brother-in-law in a scheme to corner the gold market. |
| Crédit Mobilier | insiders gave stock to influential members of Congress to avoid investigation of the profits they were making. |
| William Tweed | The boss of a local democratic party masterminding dozens of schemes that helped himself and his cronies steal $200 million from New York's taxpayers. |
| spoilsmen | The rise of corrupt political manipulators such as senator Roscoe Conkling of New York and James Blaine of Maine. |
| patronage | Giving jobs and government favors to their supporters. |
| Thomas Nast | Exposed “Boss” Tweed and brought about his arrest and imprisonment in 1871. |
| Horace Greeley | Selected by republican party as their presidential candidate in 1872. |
| Liberal Republicans | Advocated civil-service reform, withdrawal of troops from the South, reduced tariffs, and freer trade. |
| Panic of 1873 | The economic disaster in which overbuilding by industry and inflation led to widespread business failures and depression |
| Reconstruction | Confederate leaders office holders lost the rights to vote. |
| Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction | 1863, Full president pardons would be granted to most confederates who to a oath of alliance to the union and the constitution and accepted the emancipation of slaves. |
| Wade-Davis Bill | Required 50 percent of the voters of a state to take a loyalty oath and permitted only non-Confederates to vote for a new state constitution. |
| Andrew Johnson | Established his own reconstruction policy and vetoed 29 bills in His 1 term of presidency, alienating modern republics in 1866 with just 2 veto's. |
| Freedmen’s Bureau | Had authority to resettle freed-people on confiscated farmlands in the South. |
| Congressional Reconstruction | Due to congress being mad at Johnson's policies they made their own reconstruction which was harsher on the south and more protective towards African Americans. |
| Charles Sumner | A leading radical republican |
| Radical Republicans | A political group who crusaded for civil rights. |
| Thaddeus Stephens | A radical republican |
| Benjamin Wade | A radical republican |
| Reconstruction Acts | Due to Johnson's veto's congress passed 3 reconstruction acts in 1867 which put south under military watch. |
| Tenure of Office Act | Prohibited the president from removing a federal official or military commander without Senate approval. |
| Edwin Stanton | A secretary of war in charge of the military governments in the South. |
| impeachment | The presentation of formal charges against a public official by the lower house, trial to be before the upper house |
| scalawags | Democratic opponents derisively called Southern Republicans |
| carpetbaggers | A name for Northern newcomers |
| Blanche K. Bruce | One of the two Africans Americans sent from republicans in the south to the senate |
| Hiram Revels | The second slave sent from the republicans in the south to the senate giving African Americans more position in power after being elected for Mississippi senate . |
| women’s suffrage | Women also began to have demands for equal voting rights using the 14th and 15th amendments to do is and believed it should not only be limited to men. |
| redeemers | A group of south conservatives who went around taking governments controls which was completed by 1877 |
| Rutherford B. Hayes | Governor of Ohio nominated by the republicans due to being untouched by the corruption of the grant administration. |
| Samuel J. Tilden | New York's reform governor who fought the corrupt tweed ring. |
| Election of 1876 | Tilden only needed 1 electoral vote which a special electoral commission was created and all the votes went to Hayes leaving the democrats outraged and would send the election to the house of representatives which they controlled. |
| Compromise of 1877 | Ended Reconstruction, Democrats allowed for a republican president (Hayes) under certain terms such as adding a transcontinental railroad and removing troops from the south protecting African Americans and republicans. |
| Ku Klux Klan | A secret society of white reformers founded by confederate general Nathaniel Bedford Forrest in 1867 to terrorize African Americans, burning black owned businesses, and murdered them to keep them from exercising their voting rights. |
| Force Acts | Gave federal authorities to stop the Ku Klux Klan's violence and protect the civil rights of citizens passed by congress in 1870-71 |
| Black Codes | Restricted the rights and movements of Africans Americana men. |
| sharecropping | the landlord would provide the seed and needed farm supplies in return for a share of the harvest |
| Amnesty Act of 1872 | removed the last restrictions on ex-Confederates, except for the top leaders but allowed southern conservatives to vote for democrats which allowed them to retake control of the government. |
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