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PLSC 392 quiz 3
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Federal courts and env policymaking | make sure agencies/depts do not abuse power, do their job, Administrative Procedure Act), executive branch and congress comply with Constitution |
| Chevron Doctrine | if statute is clear- little deference given to agency; if statute is ambiguous- defer to agency's expertise |
| phthalates case study | cast study about if and when to ban potentially harmful substances |
| risk criteria | health based, technology based, balancing |
| health based criteria | cost oblivious, most strict, need to do what is best for the health of everyone |
| technology based criteria | polluters need to have the best available control technology, expensive to maintain |
| balancing criteria | benefit cost analysis, weigh human health against economic costs |
| precautionary principle | prevention, shift burden of proof, seek alternatives, allow public participation |
| NPDES | national pollutant discharge elimination system permit |
| NPDES permit contains | effluent limitations, self monitoring and self reporting obligations, EPA inspection powers and power to sanction and prosecute |
| definitional debate | any DISCHARGE of a POLLUTANT from a POINT SOURCE into NAVIGABLE WATERS |
| types of point sources of water pollution | industrial activities, municipal sewage systems, indirect discharges into POTWs, CAFOs, dredged and fill materials |
| POTWs | publicly owned treatment works |
| CAFOs | concentrated animal feeding operations |
| CWA and federalism | EPA responsible for point sources, states responsible for nonpoint sources |
| first generation water pollution problems | very visible pollution, regulation of point sources |
| second generation water pollution problems | less visible pollution, more difficult to fix, from nonpoint sources, feeling that older solutions have been successful |
| US Bureau of Reclamation | largest wholesaler of water, second largest producer of hydroelectric power |
| amount of freshwater | 2.78%, most trapped in glaciers and poles |
| Montreal Protocol | differential treatment of wealthy and developing countries, wealth of country number and types of ODS restricted/timing and length of phaseout period, economic/administrative/technological aid given to developing countries |
| good ozone | stratospheric, 16-30 km in altitude, protects environment from harmful UV rays |
| bad ozone | tropospheric, caused by nitrous oxides and volatile organic compounds interacting with sunlight |
| lithium | essential for electric batteries, extracted from rocks or evaporated from brine, from Argentina/Chile/China |
| when stakeholders can influence process | before and during rulemaking, when rule is being interpreted or challenged, when rule is being amended or revoked |
| EPA responsibilities in Clean Air Act | new and refurbished stationary pollutants, vehicles, ozone in non attainment areas |
| FIPs | federal implementation plans, for new or refurbished stationary sources |
| SIPs | state implementation plans, for existing stationary sources |
| HAPs | hazardous air pollutants |
| Clean Air Act command and control | goals, criteria, quality standards, emission standards, enforcement |
| six criteria air pollutants | carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, particulate matter, lead, ozone |
| cap and trade systems | selling the lack of pollution allowed to other companies who have polluted more than allowed |
| criticisms of command and control approach | threat of penalties does not always compel compliance, some prefer to pay penalties, no incentive to reduce their emissions below what is minimally required, less knowledgable about implications of business, requires constant reassessment |
| five phases of pollution control policy | goals, criteria, quality standards, emission standards, enforcement |
| revealed preferences | intangible value is revealed by how much people pay in order to keep something- value of a house with a view |
| contingent valuation | relies on statements of what people would pay for biodiversity or clean air |
| case against BCA | can be easily distorted, clear ideological motivation, rough conjecture that can be tailored to support a political view, clear ethical question |
| in favor of BCA | forces regulators to consider and spell out economic reasons, common metric |
| RIA | regulatory impact analysis, assessment and quantification and monetization of benefits and costs anticipated to result from proposed action |
| BCA | benefit cost analysis, some statues do not allow it, do not prohibit it, can be considered, required, only if economically feasible |
| procedural inequity | when categories of people due to their status do not have adequate access to and notice about env info relevant to their wellbeing, opportunities to participate in decision making, realistic chance to challenge regulatory actions |
| substantive inequity | same disenfranchised groups bear higher environmental risks and costs and fewer benefits, get brunt of bad economic effects |
| international geographic inequity | poor countries becoming landfills for wealthier countries because they need the money |
| domestic geographic inequity | poor neighborhoods hosting dangerous facilities so wealthier neighborhoods can benefit |
| environmental justice | addressing disparate environmental and human health conditions in minority and low income communities |
| sources of groundwater contamination | pesticides and fertilizers, agricultural waste, oil and gas wells, septic systems, atmospheric pollution |
| protecting groundwater | Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA), Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA), Federal Insecticide Fungicide Rodenticide Act (FIRA), Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) |
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gillwags
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