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Bio Chem
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Acid | A hydrogen-containing substance that is capable of giving a proton to another substance |
| Acidic | Describes the amount of acid in a substance |
| Antioxidant | A substance that removes potentially harmful oxidizing agents in an organism |
| Atom | The fundamental structural units of matter |
| Atomic nucleus | The central component of an atom composed of positive protons and neutral neutrons |
| Atomic number | The number of protons in the nucleus |
| Base | A substance that decreases the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution. |
| Basic | When the concentration of OH is greater, the solution will be this |
| Buffer | A compound that tends to maintain a solution at a constant pH by accepting or releasing H+ in response to small changes in H+ concentration |
| Calorie | Energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree celsius |
| Chemical bond | Results of losing, gaining and sharing electrons that are attractive forces that hold atoms together in molecules |
| Chemical reaction | The making and breaking of chemical bonds to form new substances |
| Cohesion | Attraction between molecules of the same substance When molecules stick together because of hydrogen bonding Surface Tension |
| Compound | A substance whose molecules are formed of different types of atoms |
| Covalent bond | A chemical bond formed when two atoms share electrons |
| Electron | Lighter, negatively charged subatomic particles that orbit the atomic nucleus |
| Electron shell | a grouping of electrons surrounding the nucleus of an atom |
| Element | A pure substance made of only one kind of atom |
| Free radical | Molecules that have atoms with one or more unpaired electrons in their outer shell/uncharged molecule |
| Hydrogen bond | The attraction between negatively charged oxygen atoms of water molecules and positively charged hydrogen atoms of nearby water molecules |
| Hydrophilic | Ions and polar molecules that have electrical attraction for water molecules and dissolve in water |
| Hydrophobic | Larger molecules with nonpolar covalent bonds that usually do not dissolve in water |
| Hydrophobic interaction | Tendency of oil molecules to clump together in water |
| Ion | Charged atoms |
| Ionic bond | The electrical attraction between positively and negatively charged ions |
| Isotope | Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons |
| Molecule | two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds |
| Neutron | Uncharged subatomic particles in the nucleus |
| Nonpolar covalent bond | A covalent bond involving equal sharing of electrons |
| pH scale | scale with values from 0 to 14, used to measure the concentration of H+ ions in a solution; a pH of 0 to 7 is acidic, a pH of 7 is neutral, and a pH of 7 to 14 is basic |
| Polar covalent bond | When larger atoms takes on a slight negative charge from the proximity of the electron an he smaller atom acquires a slight positive charge |
| Proton | Positively charged Subatomic particles in the nucleus |
| Radioactive | When isotopes spontaneously break apart, forming different atoms and releasing energy in the process |
| Solvent | capable of dissolving a wide range of substances, including protein, salts, sugars |
| Surface tension | Cohesion among water molecules at the water's surface |
| Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) | Unstable molecules that carry energy from place to place within a cell, storing energy in bonds between the phosphate groups |
| Amino acid | Proteins are polymers of this molecule, all have the same fundamental structure |
| Carbohydrate | compound made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms; major source of energy for the human body |
| Cellulose | Structural polysaccharides that make up most of the cell walls of plants |
| Chitin | A polysaccharide in which glucose subunits bear a nitrogen-containing functional group |
| Dehydration synthesis | Subunits that make up large biological molecules almost always join together by means of this chemical reaction (to form by removing water) |
| Denatured | If the secondary and tertiary structure of a protein are altered and when the protein can no longer perform its function |
| Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) | Deoxyribose nucleotides form chains of millions of units long |
| Disaccharide | When two monosaccharides are linked |
| Disulfide bridge | Covalent bonds with sulfur in other cysteines |
| Enzyme | Proteins that guide almost all chemical reactions occurring inside cells |
| fat | Formed by dehydration synthesis from three fatty acid subunits and one molecule of glycerol |
| Fatty acid | Long chains of carbon and hydrogen with carboxylic acid groups at one end |
| Functional group | Groups of atoms that determine the characteristics and chemical reactivity of the molecules |
| glucose | Simple sugar molecule C6H1206 |
| glycerol | A short, three carbon molecule |
| glycogen | Energy storage molecule for animals |
| helix | Coiled springlike secondary structure |
| hydrolysis | To break apart with water, splits the molecule back into its original subunits |
| inorganic | Molecules that include carbon dioxide and all molecules without carbon, such as water and salt |
| lactose | a disaccharide containing glucose and galactose units |
| lipid | Form a diverse group of molecule with two important features, composed of hydrogen and carbon with non polar carbon-carbon or carbon-hydrogen bonds |
| maltose | Disaccharide formed as enzymes attack and hydrolyzed starches |
| monomer | Individual subunits |
| monosaccharide | If a carbohydrate consists of just one sugar molecule |
| Nucleic acid | Long chains of similar subunits called nucleotides |
| nucleotide | Similar subunits that have a three-part structure |
| oil | Formed by dehydration synthesis from three fatty acid subunits and one molecule of glycerol |
| organic | Molecules that have carbon skeleton and contain some hydrogen atoms |
| peptide | Chain of two amino acids |
| Peptide bond | When the nitrogen in the amino group of one amino acid is joined to the carbon in the carboxylic acid group of another amino acid by a single covalent bond |
| phospholipid | On the plasma membrane. Similar to an oil, except that one of the three fatty acid is replaced by a phosphate group with a short polar functional group attached to the end |
| Pleated sheet | a series of anti-parallel chains of covalently-linked amino acids, with adjacent chains linked by hydrogen bonds |
| polymer | Long chains of monomers |
| polysaccharide | Polymer of many monosaccharides |
| Primary structure | The sequence of amino acids that make up protein |
| protein | Molecules composed of one or more chains of amino acids |
| Quaternary structure | Individual polypeptides are sometimes linked together, forming the fourth level of protein organization |
| Ribonucleic acid(RNA) | Chains of ribose nucleotides |
| saturated | When a fatty acid has as many hydrogen atoms as possible |
| Secondary structure | Polypeptide chains can exhibit two types of these |
| starch | A polysaccharide consisting of numerous glucose units, a carbohydrate |
| steroid | Composed of four rings of carbon,fused together, with various functional groups protruding from them |
| sucrose | An energy storage molecule in sugarcane and sugarbeets |
| sugar | All carbohydrates are either these small, molecules, a carbohydrate |
| Tertiary structure | Determined the final configuration of the polypeptide, three-dimensional |
| triglyceride | Structure formed from fats and oils and glycerol |
| unsaturated | When there are double bonds between some of the carbons, and consequently fewer hydrogens |
| wax | simple lipid which is made of a long-chain alcohol and a fatty acid |
Created by:
Brad_G
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