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Unit 4
Antebellum America
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| James K. Polk | President (1845 - 1849) Democrat - Believed in Manifest Destiny and presided over the annexation of Texas, the Oregon Treaty and the acquisition of California. |
| Manifest Destiny | Idea that American expansion West to the Pacific Ocean was ordained by God. |
| Texas | Fought for their independence from Mexico and was annexed by the U.S. as a Slave State. |
| Oregon Treaty | 1846 agreement between the U.S. and Great Britain that resulted in all land in the Oregon Territory BELOW the 49th Parallel becoming part of the U.S. |
| Mexican Cession | 500,000 sq. miles of territory in the Southwest that was ceded by Mexico to the U.S. in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. |
| Alamo | 1836 - Mexican troops led by President Santa Anna besieged and massacred Texas rebels in an old Spanish Mission in San Antonio. |
| Compromise of 1850 | Proposal in 1850 by Henry Clay to make California a Free State - The Utah and New Mexico territories were open to slavery - A stronger Fugitive Slave Act was passed. |
| Fugitive Slave Act | Law that was part of the Compromise of 1850 which required all citizens to assist slavecatchers in returning runaway slaves to the South. |
| Popular Sovereignty | Policy which allowed for settlers to vote for whether slavery would be allowed or prohibited in a territory. |
| Kansas - Nebraska Act | Proposal in 1854 by Stephen Douglas to use Popular Sovereignty to determine slavery in the Nebraska and Kansas Territories. |
| Dred Scott Decision | 1857 - Supreme Court ruling that stated slaves were property rather than citizens and it was unconstitutional for Congress to ban one's property in any U.S. territory. |
| John Brown | Abolitionist who was executed after his attempt to organize and arm a slave revolt in Virginia.. |
| Harpers Ferry | Town in Virginia raided in 1859 by John Brown and his followers to capture a federal arsenal to arm a slave revolt. |
| Republican Party | Political coalition of Northerners that organized to stop any further expansion of slavery into western territories. |
| Abolitionists | Radical group of Northerners who believed that slavery must be abolished and all slaves should be immediately emancipated. |
| William Lloyd Garrison | Abolitionist who published the first anti-slavery newspaper called, "The Liberator." |
| Bleeding Kansas | Violent conflict between pro-slavery and anti-slavery settlers over the territory's vote on slavery - Lasted from 1854 to 1861. |
| South | Region that had an economy dominated by cotton, plantations and slave labor. |
| North | Region that had an economy dominated by small farms, industry, and free labor. |
| Gold | Resource that led to a mass migration of Americans to California in 1849. |
| Mexico | Nation that the U.S. declared war on in 1846 after a border dispute and clash along the Rio Grande in Texas. |
| Mexican - American War | Conflict between 1846 - 1848 that was won by the U.S. and was ended by the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. |
| Frederick Douglass | Abolitionist who was a former slave who escaped North and gave antislavery speeches and wrote an autobiography about his life as a slave. |
| Harriet Beecher Stowe | Abolitionist who wrote the antislavery novel Uncle Tom's Cabin. |
| Uncle Tom's Cabin | Antislavery novel written by Harriet Beecher Stowe about the sufferings experienced by a slave on a plantation in the South. |
| Abraham Lincoln | Republican (IL) who was elected president in 1860. |
| Stephen Douglas | Democrat (IL) who proposed using popular sovereignty in the Kansas - Nebraska Act. |
| Henry Clay | KY Senator who created an agreement to lower tariffs to end the Nullification Crisis and proposed the Compromise of 1850. |
| Sectionalism | When people favor the interests of their geographical region over what is best for the nation. |
| Harriet Tubman | Runaway slave who returned to the South 13 times to help others escape slavery on the Underground Railroad. |
| Nat Turner | Led a slave revolt that killed 60 white southerners in Virginia. |
| Annexation | The formal act of adding territory to an existing nation. |
| Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna | President of Mexico during the Texas Revolution and Mexican - American War. |
| Underground Railroad | Secret network of people and places that aided runaway slaves that were trying to escape North. |
| Andrew Jackson | First self made President (1829 to 1837) - Democrat who viewed himself as a direct representative of the common man. |
| Election of 1860 | Republican Abraham Lincoln (IL) became president without winning a single Slave state. |
| South Carolina | The first Slave state that voted to secede from the Union after the Election of 1860. |
| Secession | The Slave states of South Carolina, Mississippi, Georgia, Alabama, Louisiana, and Texas voted to formally leave the Union. |
| Indian Removal Act | 1831 Act by Congress that granted President Andrew Jackson the authority to remove Native American tribes from existing states to Indian Territory West of the Mississippi River. |
| Cherokee | Native American tribe in Georgia, North Carolina, and Tennessee that protested their removal to Indian Territory in the U.S. court system. |
| Trail of Tears | The forced removal of the Cherokee tribe and their transportation to Indian Territory West of the Mississippi River. |
| Nullification Crisis | Dispute between President Andrew Jackson and South Carolina over the state's refusal to enforce federal tariff laws. |
| John Ross | Cherokee leader who protested his tribes removal from their ancestral lands. |
| National Bank | Vetoed by President Andrew Jackson after he distributed its deposits into state banks. |
| Poor White Men | This group was given the right to vote in elections by many states in the early 1800's. |
| Election of 1824 | No single candidate won enough electoral votes to become president so Congress chose John Quincy Adams to be president. |
| John C. Calhoun | Politician who argued his state of South Carolina had the right to nullify federal tariff laws because they were harmful. |
| Tariff | A tax placed on imported goods to help grow domestic industry. |
| Democratic Party | Political party formed by supporters of Andrew Jackson that wanted a non - intrusive government and expanded rights for the common man. |
| Whig Party | Political party that formed to oppose the policies of President Andrew Jackson. |
| 49th Parallel | Border between the U.S. and Canada that was agreed to in the Oregon Treaty, |
| Dred Scott | A slave from Missouri who traveled with his owner into the free territories of Illinois, Wisconsin, and Minnesota and sued for his freedom in the courts. |
| Slave Codes | Laws made by Southern states to control the enslaved population of the South. |
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