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logical fallacies
AP LANG KIDS!!! HERE YOU GO!!!
Question | Answer |
---|---|
ad hominem | an argument "directed against a person [either their character or their qualifications] rather than the position they are maintaining." Latin: to the man |
appeal to doubtful authority | the treatment of a non-expert as an expert. celebrity endorsements use this fallacy. |
false analogy | comparing two ideas or situations that are not fully comparable. these are difficult to catch sometimes because they seem so logical. |
circular reasoning/begging the question | an argument where the major premise is the same (maybe reworded) as the conclusion |
false dilemma | arguments that present only two outcomes when three or more outcomes are possible. politicians love these. these fallacies often appeal to fear. |
equivocation | an argument that changes the definition of a word or phrase in the course of an argument |
hasty or sweepy generalization | an argument that appeals to a sample of examples that is too small. this argument analyzes one person and assumes that all are like that one person (or small group of people) |
stereotyping | imposing onto one person a generalization based on a group of individuals who share a common trait |
misleading statistic | an argument that uses a fact in isolation. context is king. |
non sequitur | an argument where the conclusion has no connection to the premises. Latin: it does not follow |
post hoc, ergo propter hoc | an argument that credits or blames an event or situation simply because it happened prior to another event. Latin: after this, therefore because of this |
red herring | an argument switches the focus from the original argument presented. |
straw-man argument | an argument that "misrepresents someone's argument [either intentionally or unintentionally] to make it easier to attack" |
tu quoque | an argument that attempts to defeat their opponent based on hypocrisy. if the opponent cannot follow his own advice, his advice must be invalid. Latin: you, too |
slippery slope | an argument that exaggerates the potential consequences of an event or choice. political ads or some pharmaceutical commercials. |