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Jazz Age Roaring 20s
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Demobilization | discharging from the military (sending home) men who had been drafted during the war; transition from wartime to peacetime production and employment levels |
| Installment Plan | the purchase of a product, usually very expensive, by making monthly payments plus interest |
| Warren G. Harding | President (29th) of the U.S. from 1921-1923; died in office from food poisoning |
| Teapot Dome Scandal | scandal during President Warren Harding’s administration involving his Secretary of the Interior, Albert Fall, leasing government oil reserves in return for personal profit in the form of gifts and loans |
| Zero Year Curse | a supposed curse on U.S. Presidents elected in years ending in zero so that death occurs before the four year term is over |
| Calvin Coolidge | Pres. Harding’s Vice President who became the 30th U.S. President and served from 1923-1929; favored policies like lowering taxes to help businesses and cutting federal spending |
| Laissez-faire | French for “let do”; economic philosophy which holds that government should have no or very little regulation of business or the national economy |
| Economic Boom | a sudden increase in a nation’s prosperity |
| Bull Market | a period of rising stock prices |
| Bear Market | a period of falling stock prices |
| Buying on Margin | paying a broker as little as 10% of the value of stock with the promise to pay the rest over a period of months |
| Dawes Plan | 1924 arrangement to loan Germany money so it could pay Great Britain and France reparations, so that those countries could repay U.S. war loans |
| Herbert Hoover | Secretary of Commerce under Presidents Harding & Coolidge; elected 31st U.S. President in 1928 (began serving in 1929) |
| Rugged Individualism | belief that success comes through individual effort and private enterprise |
| Great Migration | mass movement of blacks from the South to the North during and after World War I (c. 1916-1930) |
| Marcus Garvey | black activist from Jamaica who founded the UNIA, dedicated to promoting resettlement in Africa; launched several businesses to promote a separate black nation, but was convicted of mail fraud and deported back to Jamaica |
| UNIA | Universal Negro Improvement Association; organization established by Marcus Garvey in 1914 to promote black economic independence through segregation and a homeland in Africa |
| KKK | organization established shortly after the Civil War that promoted white supremacy and intolerance of racial equality through violence and intimidation; its influence increased during the 1920s |
| The Birth of a Nation | a silent film produced and directed by D.W. Griffith that was seen to promote white supremacy |
| Nativism | policy favoring native-born Americans over immigrants |
| Red Scare | a period of anti-communist fear, at times to the point of hysteria, that swept the U.S. after WW I |
| Palmer Raids | a series of raids ordered by the U.S. attorney, Mitchell A. Palmer, to discover and deal with suspected anarchists and communists |
| Sacco & Vanzetti | two Italian immigrants with ties to anarchists and communists who were accused of armed robbery and murder; they were tried, found guilty and executed |
| Modernism | trend that developed in the 1920s to value science and non-religious values over traditional, Judeo-Christian beliefs and values |
| Psychoanalysis | method developed by psychologist Sigmund Freud to discover and deal with problems in the human unconscious mind; methods included ink blot tests, word association, dream analysis, and hypnosis |
| Fundamentalism | a reaction movement against modernism in which American Christians reaffirmed their belief in the fundamental or basic truths of Christianity |
| Loeb-Leopold Murders | a brutal, cold-blooded murder by 2 Chicago teens who were geniuses trying to commit the perfect crime |
| Clarence Darrow | defense attorney for John Scopes |
| William Jennings Bryan | prosecuting attorney for the State of Tennessee in Scopes Trial |
| ACLU | American Civil Liberties Union; established to defend freedoms guaranteed in Constitution (precursor defended free speech in WWI); paid fine for John Scopes |
| Roger Baldwin | co-founder of the ACLU; socialist and modernist |
| Emma Goldman | a.k.a. Red Emma; anarchist, socialist agitator in the U.S. who was eventually deported to Russia; served as a role model and inspiration for Roger Baldwin |
| Crystal Eastman | co-founder of the ACLU; socialist and feminist; good friend and supporter of Margaret Sanger |
| Margaret Sanger | early leader in the American eugenics and birth control movements; founded the American Birth Control League in 1921, which was one of the parent organizations of the Birth Control Federation of America (became Planned Parenthood in 1942) |
| Suffragettes | women who campaigned for the right to vote |
| 19th Amendment | amendment to U.S. Constitution establishing women’s right to vote; passed in 1920 |
| Flappers | young women in the 1920s who challenged social traditions by their dress and behavior |
| Temperance | movement to ban the manufacture and consumption of alcohol in the U.S. |
| Volstead Act | a.k.a. the 18th Amendment; instituted Prohibition in the United States |
| Prohibition | the outlawing of the manufacture, transportation, or sale of alcohol in the U.S. |
| Bootlegging | illegal manufacture & transportation of alcohol during Prohibition |
| Speakeasies | illegal, secret bars usually in big cities during Prohibition |
| Mafia | organized crime in the U.S. |
| Al Capone | a.k.a. Scarface; most infamous mafia boss that controlled the city of Chicago through money made mostly via bootlegging |
| FBI | Federal Bureau of Investigation; law enforcement agency established by the federal govt. to fight organized crime |
| J. Edgar Hoover | first director of the FBI |
| The Untouchables | task force created by the FBI to fight Al Capone and the mafia in Chicago |
| Eliot Ness | FBI agent who led the Untouchables |
| Harlem Renaissance | period of black cultural/artistic developments/achievements; began in 1920s in the Harlem neighborhood of New York City |
| Louis Armstrong | famous black trumpet player who was part of the Harlem Renaissance |
| Bessie Smith | 1st black recording artist who was part of the Harlem Renaissance |
| Billie Holiday | famous black vocalist who was part of the Harlem Renaissance |
| Duke Ellington | famous black band leader who was part of the Harlem Renaissance |
| Langston Hughes | famous black poet who was part of the Harlem Renaissance |
| The Lost Generation | group of writers whose works not only reflected the horrors of death and destruction caused by WW I, but also criticized consumerism and superficiality in post-war society |
| Ernest Hemingway | famous American writer; part of the Lost Generation |
| F. Scott Fitzgerald | famous American writer; part of the Lost Generation |
| Stream of Consciousness | style of writing developed during the 1920s that attempts to record everything that passes through a character’s mind |
| William Faulkner | one of the most famous Southern writers of the 1920s who used the stream of consciousness style of writing |
| Homogenous | of the same or similar kind or nature |
| Hollywood Land | California community established in 1923 by Prohibitionists; name was later shortened to Hollywood and annexed by Los Angeles |
| The Jazz Singer | 1927 movie starring singer Al Jolson; it was first full-length film with sound |
| Charles Lindbergh | American pilot who was the first person to fly solo and non-stop across the Atlantic Ocean (from New York to Paris in 33½ hours) in May of 1927 |
| Spirit of St. Louis | Plane of Charles Lindbergh which he designed and built |
| Washington Naval Disarmament Conference | series of meetings held in Washington, D.C. from 1921-22 in which nations agreed to limit the production of warships |
| Kellogg-Briand Treaty | an international agreement by nations to outlaw war, signed in August of 1927 |
| Black Tuesday | 29 Oct. 1929, crash of U.S. stock market, signaling the beginning of the Great Depression |
| National Origins Act | Congress passed it in 1924 = quotas which limited S. & E. Eur. Immigrants due to nativism, Red Scare, WW1/Isolationism, eugenics |
| Suffrage | Women’s right to vote |
| Jim Crow laws | Were ruled legal in Supreme Court case Plessy v. Ferguson, Jim Crow laws were any state or local laws that enforced or legalized racial segregation. |
| Progressivism | a social or political movement that aims to represent the interests of ordinary people through political change and the support of government actions |
| Labor-saving devices | Vacuum Cleaner gave more leisure time |
| Zora Neale Hurston | Was an author in the Harlem Renaissance which brought black culture into the mainstream |
| Henry Ford | used mass production via assembly line; Model T for $390 – age of automobile |
| What was an unintended consequence of the passage of the 18th Amendment? | Prohibition: bootlegging, speakeasies, Mafia, paying off police and judges, violence, and gambling |
| How did the building of Route 66 have an impact on the American economy? | It increased number of cars which lead to new businesses: car dealerships, service stations (gas stations), restaurants, motels, and hotels |
| Why did the culture of the United States become more homogenous in the 1920s? | Movies became more popular, Hollywood Land, Film makers liked climate & moved industry, 1927-Jazz Singer was 1st feature-length sound movie, Cartoons increased to radio & records, dial telephones put into use in NYC |
| How could investors buy stock so easily during the 1920s? | By buying on margin |
| What technological advancement contributed most to the growth of towns and cities in the 1920s and 1930s? | Automobiles (Cars) |
| Why was Henry Ford able to produce a more affordable car over other automobile manufacturers? | He used mass production via assembly line |
| Why are the 1920s often referred to as the “Roaring Twenties”? | B/c of huge cultural & social changes |
| What groups of people experienced the least amount of prosperity during the 1920s? | Farmers, Black Americans, & Immigrants |
| What were some warning signs in the 1920s of future economic trouble? | “Buy now, pay later” infection increased throughout years of 1920s [this high consumer debt is a warning sign for economic trouble] |
| What did Harding mean when he said he wanted a “return to normalcy”? | Go back to Pre-Progressive & WW1 days of less government spending |
Created by:
mbk0585
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