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Lipid chemistry p1
حقت المذاكرة اول جزء
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Lipids are | Heterogeneous group of ORGANIC compounds |
| Lipids form mainly from | Alcohol (OH)& fatty acids (COOH) |
| The tybe of linkage in lipids is? | Estar likage (COOR) |
| Lipids are relatively | insoluble in water, but soluble in nonpolar solvents |
| Lipids can be soluble in? | Ether& chloroform |
| Major role of biological lipids: | 1) they are important dietary constituents 2)fat stored in adipose tissue 3) non polar lipids act as electrical insulators 4) Lipids enter in the formation of cells as structural components of cell membranes |
| The importance of dietary of lipids are? | 1-high energy value 2-fat-soluble vitamins 3-essential fatty acids contained in the fat of natural foods. |
| Fats that stored in adipose tissue can be? | thermal insulator |
| Lipids in the cell membrane can be? | 1-signaling molecules 2-transporting lipids in the blood (lipoproteins)🩸 |
| Classification of lipids | Chemical & functional |
| Chemical classification | 1) simple lipids 2) conjugated (complex) lipids 3) derived lipids |
| Simple lipids are | Esters of fatty acids with various alcohols. (alcohol+ Fatty acids) |
| Simple lipids can be? | a. Fats: Esters of fatty acids with glycerol. Ex(Oils are fats in the liquid state) B. Waxes: Esters of fatty acids with higher molecular weight monohydric يعني بالعربي الفصيح فاتس=فاتي اسيدز +كحول نوعه قلسرول واكس= فاتي اسيد+ اي نوع معقد من الكحول |
| Conjugated lipids are? | Alcohol+ fatty acids+ anything else |
| Conjugated lipids Can be? | 1- phospholipids 2- glyccolipids (glycosphingolipids) 3-other complex lipids |
| Phospholipids are? | Fatty acids+ alcohol+phosphoric acid |
| Ex of phospholipids | 🟣glycerophospholipids the alcohol is glycerol 🟣sphingophospholipids the alcohol is sphingosine. |
| Glycolipids (glycosphingolipids) Are? | Fatty acids+ sphingosine+ carbohydrates |
| Other complex lipids Are? | Lipid+ protein Ex. sulfolipids, aminolipids& Lipoproteins |
| derived lipids are? | Products realised from hydrolysis reactions مركبات تكسرت ونواتجها دهون |
| Ex of derived lipids? | fatty acids, glycerol, steroids, other alcohols, fatty aldehydes, ketone bodies, hydrocarbons, lipid-soluble vitamins, and hormones. |
| Functional classification can be? | 1-Storage lipids (TG)-> in adipose tissue 2-Structural membranes lipids-> in membrane |
| Ex of Structural membranes lipids: | - Glycerophospholipids - Sphingolipids - Sterols |
| Fatty acids are? | Monocarboxylic organic acids with a long aliphatic tail (2-24 C atoms with terminal carboxyl group) “R-COOH”. (No branches) |
| Free Fatty acids | • unesterified form • transport form in the plasma. |
| Fatty acids can be | •even number of carbon atoms. • The chain may be saturated (containing no double bonds) or • unsaturated (containing one or more double bonds). |
| End of fatty acids | •saturated acids end in -anoic Ex . octanoic acid •unsaturated acids end in -enoic, Ex. octadecenoic acid (oleic acid) |
| Various conventions use for indicating the number and position of the double bonds | ١- نعد من كربونة الكربوكسلك ونعتبرها اول وحدة نقول لها دلتا ١ ٢- لو بسمي ببيتا وجاما والفا رح ابدأ بأول كربونة بعد الكربوكسيل كربون ٣- ببدأ من CH3واسميها اوميجا |
| Classification of Fatty acids | A. Biological (nutritional) B. Chain length of fatty acids C- According to saturation |
| Biological (nutritional) can be divided to? | 1. Essential Fatty acids 2. Non essential Fatty acids 3. Relatively essential |
| Essential Fatty acids Are? | These are polyunsarurated fatty acids. contain more than one double bond Only two EFAs are known for humans |
| Only two EFAs are known for humans: | •Linoleic acid (ω6) •α-Linolenic acid (ω3) |
| True or false the two EFAs are better classified with the fats than with the vitamins. | True |
| Non essential Fatty acids Are? | •Saturated F.A. or F.A. contain one double bond. •Mammals can synthesized them. |
| Relatively essential (Arachidonic acid (ω6) ) | • Found in animal fats and peanut oil. • Synthesized in the body from linoleic acid. •Becomes essential if its precursor, linoleic acid is missing in the diet. |
| Chain length of fatty acids | 1. Short chain Fatty acids 2. Long chain Fatty acids |
| Short chain Fatty acids | Containing 10 carbon atoms or less (from 2- 10) |
| Short chain Fatty acids | Acetic acid (2C) |
| Long chain Fatty acids | Contain more than 10 carbon atoms |
| Long chain Fatty acids | • Palmitic acid (16C) • Stearic acid (18C) • Arachidic acid (20C) • Lignoceric acid (C24) |
| According to saturation | Saturated Fatty Acids Contain No Double Bonds Unsaturated Fatty Acids Contain One or More Double Bonds |
| Unsaturated Fatty Acids | Monounsaturated (containing one double bond. ) Polyunsaturated (containing two or more double bonds.) |
| Polyunsaturated Examples | Eicosanoids: These compounds, derived from eicosa (20-carbon) polyenoic fatty acids, comprise the 1- prostanoids, 2-leukotrienes (LTs), and 3- lipoxins (LXs) |
| Prostanoids include | prostaglandins (PGs) , prostacyclins (PGIs), and thromboxanes (TXs). |
| True or false Prostaglandins exist in every mammalian tissue, acting as local hormones | True |
| Prostaglandins as local hormones | they have important physiologic and pharmacologic : They are synthesized in vivo by cyclization of the center of the carbon chain of 20-carbon (eicosanoic) polyunsaturated fatty acids (eg, arachidonic acid) to form a cyclopentane ring. |
| The leukotrienes and lipoxins are a third group of eicosanoid derivatives formed via the lipoxygenase pathway | They are characterized by the presence of three or four conjugated double bonds. Leukotrienes cause bronchoconstriction as well as playing a part in asthma بالعربي الفصيح المركبين هذولاء لو زادوا يسببوا ربو |
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Silver angel
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