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AP Euro Period 3-4
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Absolutism | a form of government, usually hereditary monarchy, ruler has no legal limits on his or her power; typically no legislature or document of rights for citizens; became a common form of government in major European countries in the 16th-18th centuries. |
| Adam Smith (1723-1790) | Scottish economist, opposed mercantilism & advocated for free trade based on self-interest, government taking a laissez faire policy towards trade, & invisible hand of competition; wrote "An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations" |
| Agricultural Revolution | a time where innovations in farm production that began in the eighteenth century and led to scientific and mechanized agriculture; new inventions like seed drill and the steel plow made farming easier and faster; production of food rose dramatically. |
| Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564) | a Dutch physician, he wrote one of the most influential human anatomy books (De Humani Corporis fabrica) and was considered the father of modern human anatomy. |
| Bank of England | created in 1694 to ensure a stable money supply and to lay the foundation for a network of lending institutions; development of the growing market economy led to this; provided an important source of capital for economic development in the 18th century |
| Battle of Vienna (1683) | the last unsuccessful Ottoman attempt to take central Europe in 1683, cementing Habsburg control in southeastern Europe and ending Ottoman westward expansion |
| Boudoir | a woman's dressing room, bedroom, or private sitting room; became more popular amongst elite women in Europe in the 17th-18th centuries, as ideas of private spaces and spheres for women became more common |
| Catherine the Great (1729-1796) of Russia | she was the Enlightened ruler of Russia who continued Peter the Great's goal to Westernizing Russia, created a new law code, greatly expanded Russia's territory, and encouraged science, art, literature |
| Cesare Beccaria (1738-1794) | he wrote "On Crimes and Punishments" with basic laws of justice based on reason, including equality before the law; opposed death penalty, influenced Enlightened Despots |
| Constitutional Monarchy | a form of government in which the king retains his position as head of state, while the authority to tax and make new laws resides in an elected body; became the form of government of England following the English Civil War & Glorious Revolution |
| Consumer Revolution | a movement that was shaped by a new concern for privacy (homes were built with private retreats such as the boudoir), it encouraged the purchase of new goods for homes and created new venues for leisure activities |
| Cottage Industry/Putting-Out System | a system developed in 18th century England in which merchant-capitalists were "putting out" raw materials (cotton) to cottage workers for processing (spinning cloth) in their own homes |
| Deism | belief in rational God who had created the universe, but allowed to function w/out his interference according to mechanisms of nature and a belief in rewards and punishments after death for human action; popular belief system for Enlightenment thinkers |
| Denis Diderot (1713-1784) | chief editor & contributor to Encyclopédie; secular tone of his work, applied principles of the SR; new philosophies of deism, skepticism, and atheism, led to ban of his work by CC & French government; he later became librarian to Catherine the Great |
| Divine Right of Kings | the theory that monarchs are appointed by and answerable only to God. |
| Dutch Republic | first half of 17th cent was "Golden Age". Developed oligarchy of urban gentry & rural landholders to promote trade & to protect traditional rights. The government had an organized confederation of seven provinces, each with representative government |
| English Bill of Rights (1689) | Document created at end of Glorious Revolution; limited powers of the monarchy and guaranteed the civil liberties of the English privileged classes; created the constitutional monarchy of England's government today; monarchy submits to the Parliament. |
| English Civil War (1642-1649) | Conflict abt royal vs parliamentary rights, caused by King Charles I's arrest of his parliamentary critics & ends w his execution. outcome was growth of royal absolutism bc of the GR & English Bill of Rights, England constitutional monarchy. |
| Enlightenment | Philosophical movement started in Europe in 1700s & spread to colonies. emphasized reason & scientific method in study of government, ethics, & science, not imagination, emotions, or religion. members rejected traditional religious beliefs for Deism |
| Empiricism | the view that knowledge originates in experience and that science should, therefore, rely on observation and experimentation; became the basis of ideas of the Scientific Revolution & Enlightenment |
| Francis Bacon (1561-1626) | English politician, writer, mathematician and the father of the inductive reasoning process and empiricism - the use of data (collecting, observing, drawing conclusions) - laid the foundation of the scientific method; most famous work is Novum Organum |
| Frederick II (the Great) of Prussia | an enlightened ruler who was a musician, patron of the arts, and friend to Voltaire, he was also the architect of Prussia's military success against military aggressions against the Habsburg Austrian rulers. |
| Fronde (1648-1653) | A series of violent uprisings during the early reign of Louis XIV triggered by growing royal control and increased taxation |
| Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) | Invented an improved telescope that let him confirm Copernicus' heliocentric view & make major contributions to fields of physics and astronomy; friends w Medicis, after writing Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems, was put on trial by church |
| Glorious Revolution (1688) | Bloodless coup in 1688 in England when James II (Catholic) gave up throne & his daughter Mary & her husband William of Orange (of the Netherlands) - both Protestants - replaced James II to reign jointly. No Catholic monarch has reigned in England since. |
| Isaac Newton (1643-1727) | English mathematician, astronomer, and physicist and best known for his work in gravity. He developed three laws of motion which form the basic principles for modern physics. His discovery in calculus & color spectrum. invented reflecting telescope. |
| Jacques-Louis David | French painter known for his Neoclassicism and his commitment to the ideals of the French Revolution. His works include The Oath of the Horatii (17850 and The Death of Marat (1793). |
| James I (1603-1625) of England | Son of Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots, succeeded childless Elizabeth. He was not popular and was an outsider. He believed in divine right but inherited a large royal debt and a divided church. Oversaw the release of the King James Bible version. |
| Jean-Baptiste Colbert (1619-1683) | financial genius & Comptroller General for Louis XIV. central principle was wealth & economy of France should serve state; champion of mercantilism; helped Louis to extend administrative, financial, military, & religious control of central state |
| Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778) | Swiss philosopher who created new political model based on concept of natural rights & social contract; his most famous works are The Social Contract & Emile; exclusion of women from political life bc considered weaker sex & dependent on men |
| John Locke (1632-1704) | Political theorist; defended Glorious Revolution; society is composed of individuals driven by self-interest; state originated in consent of governe; considered father of classical liberalism and his most famous work is Second Treatise of Government |
| Joseph II of Austria (1780-1790) | The most radical royal reformer; son and successor of Maria Theresa; introduced legal reforms & freedom of press; supported freedom of worship; abolished serfdom and ordered that peasants be paid for their labor with cash |
| Lady Mary Wortley Montagu (1689-1762) | introduced the first inoculation in England (for small pox) after learning about it in Istanbul - also an Enlightenment socialite who held salons in her home inviting the leading thinkers of her day |
| Louis XIV of France (1638-1715) | also known as the "Sun King"; he ruled from 1643-1715, the longest reign in French history. He constructed Versailles, believed in divine right of kings, engaged in many wars, and established absolutism in France. |
| Maria Theresa of Austria (1717-1780) | daughter of Charles XI of the Austrian Habsburgs, succeed him after his death by way of the Pragmatic Sanction; she is most well-known for having 16 children, and her infamous youngest daughter, the ill-fated Marie Antoinette of France |
| Mary Wollstonecraft (1759-1797) | British feminist of the eighteenth century and a scathing critic of Rousseau, she argued for women's equality with men, in education and even in voting, in her 1792 "Vindication of the Rights of Women" |
| Military Revolution | Advances in military technology led to new forms of warfare, including greater reliance on infantry, firearms, mobile cannon, and more elaborate fortifications; Technology, tactics, and strategies tipped the balance of power toward states |
| Montesquieu (1689-1755) | French philosophe. Wrote The Spirit of Laws (1748). Said "Power checks power" and expressed the idea of separation of powers. |
| Neoclassicism | A style of art and architecture replace Baroque/Rococo style art, it was part of a general revival of interest in classical cultures, \ utilization of styles from ancient Greece and Rome; famous artists was Jacques-Louis David |
| Nicholas Copernicus (1473-1543) | a Renaissance-era mathematician and astronomer, who formulated a model of the universe that placed the Sun rather than Earth at the center of the universe (heliocentric model); most famous work is On the Revolutions of Celestial Spheres |
| Nine Years War (1688-1697) | (War of the League of Augsburg) Result of Louis XIV trying to extend French territory to Rhine; led to a French-British rivalry that last until after Napoleon is exiled; was another of Louis XIV's wars that only increased the debt of the French crown. |
| Oliver Cromwell (1599-1658) | Puritan general who helped lead parliamentary forces during the English Civil War, and ruled England as Lord Protector from 1653 until his death in 1658; his rule saw the implementation of strict Calvinist rules and morality on English society |
| Partition of Poland (1772) | the existence of this sovereign Commonwealth ended when Prussia, Russia and Habsburg Austria divided it among themselves between 1772 and 1795. |
| Philosophes | Thinkers of the Enlightenment; Wanted to educate the socially elite, but not the masses; not allowed to openly criticize church or state, double-meaning in their writings to avoid being banned; Salons held by wealthy women also kept philosophes safe |
| Peter the Great of Russia (1682-1725) | The Romanov czar & absolute ruler; initiated westernization of Russian society after traveling to the West, incorporated techniques of manufacturing, education, expanded military & Western manners + dress on the traditional Russian nobility |
| Rene Descartes (1596-1650) | French philosopher of rationalism, mathematician & scientist - father of deductive reasoning and modern philosophy; famous work is Discourse on the Method |
| Rococo | An artistic style that embraced lavish, often lighthearted, decoration with an emphasis on pastel colors and the play of light; became popular in the 1730s amongst the French elite |
| Salon | a social gathering of intellectuals and artists, like those held in the homes of wealthy women in Paris and other European cities during the Enlightenment |
| Scientific Revolution | Intellectual movement in Europe, initially associated with planetary motion, other aspects of physics and the study of the natural world, through careful observation and documentation, that by the 17th century had laid the groundwork for modern science. |
| Treaty of Utrecht (1713) | Ended the War of Spanish Succession and recognized France's Philip V as King of Spain, but prohibited the unification of the French and Spanish monarchies; France also gave England profitable lands in North America as a concession |
| Voltaire (1694-1778) | philosopher; applied the principles of SR to society & human institutions & became thought leader on enlightened principles such as freedom of speech, religion, & separation of church & state; created deism; his most famous work was Candide |
| War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1713) | War fought over Spanish throne which the last Spanish Hapsburg king left to his grand-nephew, who was a French Bourbon and Louis XIV's grandson, instead of an Austrian Hapsburg - Louis XIV fought unsuccessful war against the Dutch, English, and the HRE |
| William Harvey (1578-1657) | royal English physician, discovered circulatory system & said body was integrated system; most famous work is Anatomical Account of the Motion of the Heart and Blood |
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