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AP Government Unit 5
Part One
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| House of Representatives Age Requirement | 25 years old |
| Senate Age Requirement | 30 years old |
| House Term Length of Office | 2 year term |
| Senate Term Length of Office | 6 year term |
| House Elections | All 435 every 2 years |
| Senate Elections | 1/3 of the 100 seats for election every 2 years |
| House Terms of Office | the link to public opinion; participatory democracy; undermined by gerrymandering |
| Senate Terms of Office | long term view |
| 17th Amendment | allowed voters to elect senators |
| Pluralist Democracy | purpose is to represent the interest of states (groups) |
| Participatory Democracy | purpose is to represent the views of the people |
| Reapportionment | the division of seats in the House of Representatives among states; based on relative changes in population; occurs once every ten years |
| Geographical Switch of Reapportionment | seats from the midwest and northeast have been shifted to the south and southwest that affects the House and Electoral College |
| Redistricting | redrawing of election district boundaries; occurs with the taking of the census; process is done by state governments |
| Gerrymandering | drawing election district boundaries to favor one political party over another |
| Partisan Gerrymandering | creating election districts that varied greatly in population; smaller population districts for your party and less-larger population districts for the other party |
| Baker vs. Carr | Baker ruled that Gerrymandering through unequal election districts (unequal in population)-could be challenged as a violation of the EPC of the 14th amendment. Led to the “one man, one vote rule” (“one person, one vote rule”) |
| Racial Gerrymandering | redrawing election district boundaries to create “Majority-Minority districts-designed to increase the chances of a minority candidate winning an election. |
| Shaw vs. Reno | Racial Gerrymandering challenged as a violation of the EPC (14th amendment); unusually shaped districts (indication of racial gerrymandering); Ruled districts created solely for Racial Gerrymandering were unconstitutional. (Violates Equal Protection) |
| Incumbent Gerrymandering | gerrymandering that tends to protect incumbents (people already in office); Increases number of safe seats-Incumbent advantage; incumbents don't go against their party so they can have the party nomination |
| "One man, one vote" Rule | required that election districts be roughly equal in population |
| Packing and Cracking | concentrating voters of opposing party into few districts and dividing the rest of opposing party into several districts where they are minority; parties gerrymander keeping election districts equal in population; party wins more seats than electorate % |
| Incumbency Advantage | refers to the overwhelming percentage of incumbents who get re-elected; Advantage stronger in House; Name Recognition, Fundraising advantage, Constituent Service, Franking Privilege, Pork Barrel Spending thru Earmarks, Incumbent Gerrymandering |
| President of the Senate | Vice President; votes when there is a tie |
| Speaker of the House vs. President Pro Tempore | speaker of the house if much more powerful than the president por tempore |
| Pork Barrel Spending | refers to government spending that goes to local organizations; often seen as not supporting a national interest; had been reduced until recently |
| Earmarks | part of an appropriation bill that requires certain spending to be done in a certain geographical area |
| House Rules Committee | assigns bill to committees but Speaker can overrule; sets the rules for debate on a particular bill; amount of time, how amendments will be debated, etc; house debate has time limits but senate is unlimited |
| Filibuster | 60 votes to pass bills in senate, based on unanimous consent; Exception: Budget Reconciliation-these bills can bypass the filibuster; Senate confirmation hearings of Presidential nominations eliminated for all nominations and SCOTUS nominees |
| Cloture | vote that cuts of a filibuster (⅗ or 60) |
| House Ways and Means Committee | tax committee; all tax legislation must start in this committee in the House |
| Advice and Consent | Senate only; Presidents consult Congress before using troops in combat; constitutional meaning refers specifically to the Senate’s powers to approve appointments (cabinet, federal judges, Supreme Court, majority vote) and approve treaties (⅔ vote) |
| Standing Committee | permanent committee that handles broad areas of legislation (ex. Agricultural Committee) |
| Subcommittee | divisions of standing committee (narrower topics) |
| Select Committee | temporary; handles topics not covered by standing committee |
| Joint Committee | made up of members of both Houses |
| Conference Committee | made up of members of both parties to work out differences (reconcile differences) between similar bills passed by the House and Senate. Usually bills that come out of conference are passed by both Houses and sent to the President |
| Mark-Up | Describes the process of changing, editing and amending a bill that comes to a committee. Primarily the role of standing and subcommittees |
| Pigeonhole | when a committee chair prevents a bill from getting out of committee; to refuse to allow a bill to leave the committee |
| Discharge Petition | can be signed by a majority of members in the House or Senate; this forced a bill out of committee |
| Oversight | Congressional power to investigate how laws are being enforced/carried out by the executive branch |
| Subpoena Power | power to require people to provide evidence and testimony |
| Reciprocity/Logrolling | practice of members of congress supporting each other’s bills (you vote for mine and I will vote for yours |
| Poison Pill | amendment to a bill proposed by its opponents for the specific purpose of decreasing the bill’s chance of passage |
| Delegate | sees their primary role as representing the beliefs and positions of their constituents |
| Trustee | sees their primary role as representing what they believe to be in the best interest of the United States (even if it goes against what their constituents want) |
| Partisan | sees their primary role as representing the interests and positions of their political party (regardless of constituents and what is good for the country) |
| Politico | adopts one of the three other roles depending on which they feel is most appropriate at the time or for a particular political issue/policy |
| Number of Senators | 100 members |
| Number of House Representatives | 435 members |
| Franking Privilege | Free Mail for members of Congress |
| Constituent Service | using staff to help constituents with government problems |
| Pocket Veto | If Congress goes out of session, the bill fails |
| Individual Committees | have oversight within their area of expertise |
| House Oversight and Reform Committee | can investigate anything and everything |
| Committee Chairs | control committees-always members of majority party |
| War Powers Act (Resolution) | ATTEMPT BY CONGRESS TO LIMIT THE PRESIDENT’S ABILITY TO USE COMBAT TROOPS WITHOUT CONGRESSIONAL APPROVAL. PRESIDENT NOTIFY CONGRESS WHEN TROOPS BECOME INVOLVED IN HOSTILITIES TROOPS MUST COME HOME UNLESS CONGRESS APPROVES IN 60 DAYS. |
Created by:
rcooke
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