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Apush vocabulary
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Sharecropping | A labor system in the South after the Civil War. Tenants worked the land in return for a share of the crops produced instead of paying cash rent. The system perpetuated a seemingly endless cycle of debt and poverty. |
| Carpetbaggers | The derisive name given by ex-confederates to northerners who moved to the south during reconstruction |
| Scalawags | The derisive name given to southern whites who supported republican reconstruction |
| Redeemers | White southern political leaders who claimed to “redeem” or save the south from republican domination. Redeemers supported diversified economic growth and white supremacy |
| Jim Crow | A system of racial segregation in the south lasting from the end of reconstruction until the 1960s |
| Frontier thesis | Argument by historian Frederick Jackson Turner that the frontier experience helped make American society more democratic. Turner especially emphasized the importance of cheap, unsettled land and the absence of a landed aristocracy. |
| Vertical integration | A business model in which a corporation controls all aspects of production from raw materials to packaged products. For example, Andrew Carnegie used vertical integration to gain control over the U.S. steel industry. |
| Horizontal integration | A business model in which one company gains control over other companies that produce the same product. For example, John D. Rockefeller used horizontal integration to gain control over the U.S. oil industry. |
| Social Darwinism | Refers to the belief that there is a natural evolutionary process by which the fittest will survive and prosper. During the Gilded Age, wealthy business and industrial leaders used Social Darwinism to justify their success. |
| Gospel of wealth | View advanced by Andrew Carnegie that the wealthy were the guardians of society. Carnegie believed that the rich could best serve society by funding institutions such as colleges and public libraries that created “ladders of success. |
| Social gospel | Late nineteenth-century reform movement based on the belief that Christians have a responsibility to actively confront social problems such as poverty. Led by Christian ministers, advocates of the Social Gospel argued that real social change would result |
| New immigrants | Refers to the massive wave of immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe who came to America between 1890 and 1924 |
| Realism | “A late nineteenth and early twentieth-century movement calling for writers, artists, and photographers to portray daily life as precisely and truly as possible. Realists avoided idealized landscapes favored by the Hudson River School and instead painted |
| Populism | The term refers to the mainly agrarian movement developed in the 1890s that supported the unlimited coinage of silver, government regulation of the railroads, and other policies favoring farmers and the working class. |
| Progressivism | Sought to use government to help create a more just society. Progressives fought against impure foods, child labor, corruption, and trusts. Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson were prominent Progressive presidents. |
| Muckrakers | These were early twentieth century journalists who exposed illegal business practices, social injustices, and corrupt urban political bosses. Leading Blank included Upton Sinclair, Jacob Riis, and Ida Tarbell |
| Red scare | A term for anticommunist hysteria that swept the United States after World War I and led to a series of government raids on alleged subversives and a suppression of civil liberties. |
| Great migration | A massive movement of blacks leaving the South for cities in the North that began slowly in 1910 and accelerated between World War I and the Great Crash |
| Harlem renaissance | The term refers to a flowering of African American artists, writers, and intellectuals during the 1920s. Harlem Renaissance writers used the term “New Negro” as a proud assertion of African American culture. |
| Isolationism | A U.S. foreign policy calling for Americans to avoid entangling political alliances following World War I. During the 1930s, isolationists drew support from ideas expressed in Washington’s Farewell Address. The Neutrality Acts of the 1930s were expression |
| Containment | Advocated by George Kennan and adopted as the Truman Doctrine, containment was the name given to America’s Cold War policy of blocking the expansion of Soviet influence. |
| McCarthyism | “The term is associated with Senator Joseph McCarthy’s anti-Communist crusade during the early 1950s. McCarthy’s unsubstantiated accusations that communists had infiltrated the U.S. State Department and other federal agencies helped create a climate of fe |
| Beats | A small but influential group of literary figures based in New York City and San Francisco in the 1950s. Led by Jack Kerouac and Allen Ginsberg, Beats rejected mainstream America’s carefree consumption and mindless conformity. |
| Domino theory | This geopolitical theory refers to the belief that, if one country falls to communism, its neighbors will also be infected and fall to communism. For example, American Cold War hawks predicted that the fall of South Vietnam would lead to the loss of all o |
| The feminine mystique | The title of an influential book written in 1963 by Betty Friedan critiquing the prevailing cult of domesticity whereby women were to devote themselves “to devote themselves to the roles of housewife and mother. Historians believe that Friedan’s book help |
| Black power | The Black Power movement of the 1960s advocated that African Americans establish control of their political and economic lives. Key advocates of Black Power included Malcolm X, Stokely Carmichael, and Huey Newton |
| Counterculture | A cultural movement during the late 1960s associated with hippies who advocated an alternative lifestyle based upon peace, love, and “doing your own thing |
| Silent majority | Term used by President Nixon in a 1969 speech to describe those who supported his foreign and domestic policies but did not participate in public protests. |
| Détente | “The term refers to the policy advocated by President Nixon and his Secretary of State Henry Kissinger to relax tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union. Examples of détente include the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT), expanded trade |
| Stagflation | An economic term to describe the unusual combination of high unemployment and inflation during the 1970s. |
| Reaganomics | “Term used to describe President Reagan’s supply-side economic policies that attempted to promote growth and investment by deregulating business, reducing corporate tax rates, and lowering federal tax rates for upper- and middle-income Americans. |
| Sun belt | Name given to the states in the Southwest and South that experienced a rapid growth in population and political power during the past half century. |
| Multiculturalism | “The promotion of diversity in gender, race, ethnicity, religion, and sexual preferences. This political and social policy became increasingly influential and controversial during the period from 1980 to the present. |
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