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PLSC midterm
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| environmental politics intersection | politics, policymaking, law, economics, science and technology, health |
| federalism issue | federal government v state government |
| lobbying | the constitutional right to petition the government |
| freedom of speech | the role of money in politics |
| environmental justice | how to fairly allocate economic benefits, costs, risks |
| policymaking process | proposing, debating, drafting and approving new laws or regulations |
| policy implementation | the challenges of effectively implementing and enforcing policies |
| post implementation | monitoring, gathering and interpreting feedback, adjusting policies |
| litigation | civil and criminal proceedings to enforce or challenge existing laws and regulations |
| judicial review | the court's power to monitor and nullify/modify actions and decisions of the government |
| science and technology | measuring and detecting changes in our environment and possibly designing technological solutions |
| human health | detecting health problems, measuring their incidence and identifying the environmental causes |
| objectives when we study environmental politics | describe, explain, predict, prescribe |
| three measures of GHG impact | concentration, persistence, global warming potential |
| key greenhouse gases | carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, fluorinated gases |
| main sources of GHG | burning of fossil fuels, agriculture, industry |
| fracking | method of extracting gas or oil |
| in favor of economic growth, full employment, and prosperity | local residents and local businesses, larger businesses, politicians |
| in favor of human health, environmental protection, quality of life | local residents and businesses, environmental groups, politicians |
| two environmental disasters that prompted policy initiatives | Cuyahoga River catches fire, Santa Barbara Oil Spill |
| Richard Nixon environmental policy | signed NEPA into law, created EPA, passed Clean Air/Water and Endangered Species Act |
| NEPA (National Environmental Policy Act) | makes environmental protection/education/international cooperation a priority, imposes EIS requirement (environmental impact statement), creates the Council on Environmental Office of the President |
| Gerald Ford environmental policy | Safe Drinking Water Act, Toxic Substances Control Act, Resource Conservation and Recovery Act |
| Jimmy Carter environmental policy | leaner years due to Iranian Hostage Crisis, created Department of Energy |
| Ronald Reagan environmental policy | marks end of golden era of environmentalism, supports Ozone Layer protection |
| George HW Bush environmental policy | signs UN Framework Convention on Climate Change |
| Bill Clinton environmental policy | VP is Al Gore, signs Kyoto Protocol but is not ratified |
| George W Bush environmental policy | opposes Kyoto Protocol and withdraws signature, lean years |
| Barack Obama environmental policy | many competing priorities and obstacles |
| Donald Trump environmental policy | weakened environmental regulations, pulled out from Paris Climate Agreement |
| Joe Biden environmental policy | rejoins Paris Climate Agreement, signs Climate Bill |
| statutes, acts | passed by Congress |
| rules, regulations | issued by federal agencies |
| stages of policy cycle | agenda setting, policy formulation, implementation, enforcement, assessment and modification, termination |
| Rusty Patch Bumble Bee | case study in policymaking, finally listed under Endangered Species Act |
| Fracking in Erie, CO | case study in stakeholders and federalism issue |
| agenda setting | raise the issue and bring it to the attention of policymakers |
| policy formulation | creation of potential policy |
| policy implementation | implementation at the state and federal levels |
| enforcement | through litigation and federal agencies |
| impact assessment and reformulation | policy is monitored and assessed, reformulated or adjusted |
| termination | rare, may become obsolete, issue is no longer important |
| constitutional constraints on environmental policy making | separation of power, checks and balances, federalism, pluralism |
| consequences of constitutional constraints | easier to defeat/stop than enact a rule, statutes may be deliberately vague, incrementalism |
| special interest groups | attempt to influence policymaking on a certain issue, rely on professional lobbyists |
| ways money can make a difference | advertising and pr, publication of favorable pieces, organize grass root movements, donations to political campaigns, money works as megaphone, fund friendly think tanks |
| when science is sacrificed to politics | downplaying, obfuscating, cherry picking, disseminating falsities, questioning consensus |
| courts interpret statutes and US Constitution | ensure that agencies/departments do not exercise more discretion, do their job, comply with APA, complies with Constitution |
| litigation uses | stall policy, gain leverage, usually organized business interests, environmental groups, federal agencies |
| Chevron Doctrine | if the statute is unambiguous and clear- very little deference to agency, if statute is ambiguous or incomplete- deference to agency's judgment so long as the statute is permissible |
| precautionary principle | preventing harm even in the absence of scientific certainty- prevention, shift the burden of proof on the proponents of activity, seek alternatives, allow public participation |
| risk assessment | levels of exposure, how much of substance, how good are animal tests, latency long term effects, professional bias |
| risk criteria | health based, technology, balancing |
Created by:
gillwags
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