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Unit 1
American Revolution
| Articles of Confederation | First Constitution and government of the United States. (1777) |
| George Washington | Commander of the Continental Army. |
| Anti-Federalists | Group who opposed the Constitution. |
| Federalists | Group who supported the Constitution. |
| Virginia Plan | Proposal by James Madison (VA) to create a stronger government with 3 co-equal branches and to have States be represented by population. |
| Three - Fifths Compromise | 5 slaves would count as 3 free persons for a state's representation in Congress. |
| Patriots | Colonists who supported independence from Great Britain. |
| Loyalists | Colonists who opposed independence and sided with Great Britain. |
| Saratoga | A British army surrendered to Americans in New York - Turning point of the Revolutionary War. (1777) |
| Yorktown | A British army surrendered to American and French forces led by George Washington in Virginia - Final battle of the Revolutionary War. (1781) |
| Treaty of Paris (1783) | Peace agreement that ended the Revolutionary War with Great Britain recognizing the United States as an independent nation. |
| Continental Army | American army during the Revolutionary War. |
| Treaty of Alliance | Military alliance between the Americans and France during the Revolutionary War. (1778) |
| Bill of Rights | 10 amendments to the Constitution written by James Madison (VA) to protect individual freedoms and the rights of States. |
| Ben Franklin | Ambassador who negotiated the Treaty of Alliance. |
| Constitutional Convention | Meeting of delegates in Philadelphia to address problems with the Articles of Confederation. (1787) |
| Hessians | German soldiers that Great Britain paid to fight for them in America. |
| Thomas Jefferson | Author of the Declaration of Independence. |
| George Mason | Leader of the Anti-Federalists. |
| Connecticut Compromise | Agreement to establish a Bicameral Congress. |
| Trenton and Princeton | Important American victories in New Jersey that boosted morale. (1776) |
| James Madison | Nicknamed the Father of the Constitution for creating the Virginia Plan and the Bill of Rights. |
| Senate | Upper House of Congress - Each state gets 2 votes. |
| House of Representatives | Lower House of Congress - Votes based on state population. |
| Northwest Ordinance | Established the Northwest Territory and the process for how territories could become new States. (1787) |
| Shay's Rebellion | Uprising by farmers against high taxes enacted by Massachusetts after the Revolutionary War. (1787) |
| Redcoats | Nickname for British soldiers. |
| 1 | Votes that each state had in Congress under the Articles of Confederation. |
| 13 | Number of States needed to amend the Articles of Confederation. |
| The States | Possessed the power to raise troops, coin currency, collect taxes, and regulate trade under the Articles of Confederation. |
| The Constitution | Ratified by 9 of the 13 states. (1788) |
| Alexander Hamilton | Leader of the Federalists. |
| Baron Von Steuben | Prussian military officer who helped retrain the Continental Army at Valley Forge. |
| Valley Forge | Winter encampment in Pennsylvania where Washington's troops endured bitter cold, hunger, and sickness. |
| New York City | City captured by British troops after they defeated Washington in the Battle of Long Island. (1776) |
| Lexington and Concord | Fighting erupted outside Boston in Massachusetts between Minutemen and British troops - First Battles of the Revolutionary War. (1775) |
| Minutemen | Nickname of New England militia who trained to respond to emergencies. |
| Common Sense | Widely read pamphlet written by Thomas Paine in to promote the idea of American separation from Great Britain. (1776) |
| Declaration of Independence | Formally announced the separation of the American Colonies from Great Britain. (July 4, 1776) |
| New Jersey Plan | A proposal at the Constitutional Convention that to give each state equal votes in Congress. |
| Continental Congress | Group of delegates who declared independence from Great Britain and adopted the Continental Army in the Revolutionary War. |
| French and Indian War | Conflict between Great Britain and France in North America. (1754 - 1763) |
| Treaty of Paris (1763) | Peace agreement that ended the French and Indian War with France ceding its territory in North America to Great Britain. |
| Proclamation of 1763 | Prohibited English colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains. |
| Sugar Act | British tax on sugar and molasses being imported into the Colonies. (1764) |
| Stamp Act | British tax on printed paper documents in the Colonies. (1765) |
| Stamp Act Congress | First meeting of several of the Colonies to oppose British taxes. (1765) |
| Sons of Liberty | Group of Colonists in Boston who resisted British taxes through protest, boycotts, and harassment. |
| Samuel Adams and John Hancock | Leaders of the Sons of Liberty. |
| Townshend Acts | British tax on glass, lead, paint, and tea being imported into the Colonies. (1767) |
| Boston Massacre | British troops fired on a crowd of Colonists. (1770) |
| Boston Tea Party | Colonists dumped British tea into Boston Harbor. (1773) |
| Coercive Acts / Intolerable Acts | A series of laws passed by Great Britain that were meant to punish Massachusetts. (1774) |
| George III | King of Great Britain during the American Revolution. |
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