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APUSH Unit 3
Vocab
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| The Albany Plan of Union | developed by Benjamin Franklin that provided for an intercolonial government and a system for recruiting troops and collecting taxes frim the colonies for common defense. The Albany congress set a precedent for more revolutionary congresses in 1770s |
| French and Indian War/Sevens year war | global war/conflict started when England offically declared war on France. The French, British, and Spanish battled over colonies in New World. Ended with 2 treaties - Treaty of Paris |
| Pontiacs Rebellion | Chief Pontiac led a major attack against colonial settlement on the Western frontier bc the Indians were angered about European settlements expanding and the refusal of British giving gifts as the French did. British sent troops instead of colonial forces |
| Proclamation of 1763 | issued by British govt. that prohibited colonists from settling west of the Appalachian mountains in effect to stabilize the western frontier and limit future hostilities. - Colonists were angry and defiant |
| Stamp Act Congress | representatives from 9 colonies met in NY in 1765 to form the so-called Stamp Act Congress . Resolved that only their own elected representatives had the legal authority to approve taxes |
| Sons and Daughters of Liberty | secret society organized for the purpose of intimidating tax agents. Sometimes destroyed revenue stamps and tarred and feathered revenue officials. |
| Declaratory Act | asserted that Parliament had the right to tax and make laws for the colonies "in all cases whatsoever". |
| writ of assistance | documents which served as a general search warrant. Allowed custom officials to enter any ship or building that they suspected for any reason might hold smuggles goods |
| Townshend Acts | parliament enacted new duties to be collected on colonial imports of tea, glass and paper. Required that the revenues raised be used to pay crown officials in colonies. Also provided search of private homes for smuggled goods |
| Boston Massacre | Bostonians resented British troops who had been quartered to protect custom officials by Sons of Liberty. Colonists harrassed guards near customs house, in which guards fired and killed 5 people |
| Committees of Correspondence | emergency provisional governments set up in the 13 colonies in response to British policies leading up to the Revolutionary War |
| Coercive Acts | aka, the Intolerable Acts |
| CA1) Port Act | closed the port of Boston, prohibiting trade in and out of the harbor until destroyed tea was paid for |
| CA2) Massachusetts Government Act | reduced the power of the Massachusetts legislature while increasing the power of the royal governor |
| CA3) Administration of Justice Act | allowed royal officials accused of crimes to be tried in Great Britain rather than the colonies |
| CA4) Quartering Act | expanded an already-existing act to enable British troops to be quartered in private homes, which applied to all colonies |
| Quebec Act | after Coercive Acts, organizing the Canadian lands from France. Established Roman Catholicism as official religion in Quebec, formed a govt. without representative assembly, and extended Quebec boundary to the Ohio River. Colonists viewed aspersonalattack |
| John Locke | english philospher and political theorist. Reasoned that the govt is bound to follow "natural laws" based on the rights people have bc they are human. Argued sovereignty ultimately resides with the people rather than State, citizens have right to revolt |
| Thomas Paine - common sense | wrote "Common Sense" essay which argued to the colonies to become independent and break political ties with the Crown. Argued that it was not common sense for a large continent to be ruled by a small and distant island and pledge allegiance to bad king |
| First Continental Congress | in reaction to the Intolerable Acts, all colonies except Georgia sent delegates to a convention in Philadelphia 1774 to respond to what they viewed as Britain's alarming threats to their liberties. Although majority wanted restored relationship w British |
| Lexington and Concord | Gen. Gage (commander of Br Tr)sent force to seize colonial military supplies in Concord. Militia (minutemen) of Lexington attempted to face them, but forced to retreat. Then British entered Concord and faced casualties from hundred of Minutemen |
| Tories | Loyalists were American colonists who remained loyal to the British crown |
| patriots | those who supported the revolution. active in struggle against Britain |
| battle of Trenton | Gen George Washington army defeated and won and reasserted American control of much of NJ and improved moral and unity of colonial army and militia |
| battle of Saratoga | British troops attacked by Saratoga troops commanded by Americans; forced to surrender. Convinced France to join the war against Britain. |
| Yorktown | last major battle fought and won by colonists in Yorktown |
| Treaty of Paris | (1)Britain would recognize the US as independent nation. (2)Mississippi River would be western boundary for US (3)Americans would have fishing rights off the coast of Canada (4)Americans would pay debts to British and honor loyalists their property |
| Daughters of Liberty | formal female association that would organize boycotts, help manufacture goods that were short, and engage in some public protests |
| Republican Motherhood | the ideology representing women's roles in the time before and after the American Revolution. - pass and teach ideas of revolution to generations |
| Articles of Confederation | first constitution drafted for the US by John Dickson and adopted by Congress in 1777 - only lasted 10 years -"loose tie of friendship" - Designed to be weak |
| Land Ordinance of 1785 | Congress established a policy for surveying and selling the western lands. Provided for settling aside on section of land in each township for education |
| Land Ordinance of 1787 | congress passed a law that set rules for forming new states. Granted limited self-govt to the developing territory and prohibiting slavery in region |
| Shay's Rebellion | Massachusetts farmer and revolution veteran led other farmers in an uprising against high state taxes, imprisonment for debt, and lack of paper money. In 1787, they attempted to seize weapons from Springfield armory and were broken up by state militia |
| Constitutional Convention | took place in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to decide how America was going to be governed since the AoC was too weak |
| Annapolis Convention | meeting aimed to regulate trade between states during a time of political turbulence and economic strain |
| James Madison | major contribution to the ratification of the constitution by writing the Federalist Papers. -"Father of the Constitution" |
| Alexander Hamilton | founding father and fought in Rev. War. - helped draft the Constitution. - Captain of NY artillery company |
| Federalism | a system of government in which several states form a unity but remain independent in internal affairs |
| Separation of Powers | an act of vesting the legislative, executive, and judicial powers of govt in separate bodies |
| Checks and Balances | counterbalancing influences by which an organization or ssystem is regulated, typically those ensuring that political power is not concentrated in the hands of individuals or groups |
| Virginia Plan | James Madison's plan outlined a strong national government with 3 branches: legislative, executive, and judicial. - favored the large states |
| New Jersey Plan | favored the small states by being designed to protect the security and power of the small states by limiting each state to one vote in Congress, as under the AoC |
| the Great Compromise | Solution including two houses of Congress. House of Representatives, each state would be assigned seats in proportion to the size of its population. In the Senate, each state would have two delegates regardless of size. |
| 3/4 Compromise | agreement between delegates from the northern and southern states at the US Constitutional Convention 1787 that 3/5 of the slave population would be counted for determining direct taxation and representation in HoR |
| Commercial Compromise | allowed congress to regulate interstate and foreign commerce, including placing taxes on foreign imports, but prohibited placing taxes on any exports |
| Electoral College System | rather than having voters elect a president directly, the delegates decided to assign to each state a number of electors equal to the total of that state's representatives and Senators. - feared of too much democracy may lead to mob rule. |
| Federalists | supported the Constitution and stronger in national republic |
| Anti-Federalists | those who opposed the ratification of the Constitution in favor of small localized government |
| Amendment process | 1) passage by Congress. 2) Notification of the states. 3) ratification by 3/4 of states. 4) tracking state actions 5) announcment |
| Bill of Rights | the first 10 amendments to the US Constitution, ratified in 1791 and guaranteed rights, such as freedom of speech, assembly, and worship |
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