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CESC Midterm
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Political Engagement | activities that have the intent or effect of influencing government action – either directly by affecting the making or implementation of public policy or influencing the selection of people who make such policies. |
| Civic Engagement | organized voluntary activity that focuses on problem-solving and helping others |
| Theories | Lenses in which we see things |
| Gateways of Change | Community Engaged Learning and Research Direct Service Policy and Governance Community Organizing and Activism Philanthropy Social Entrepreneurship and Social Corporate Responsibility |
| Social Movement | McAdams and Snow - ”A LOOSE COLLECTIVITY ACTING WITH SOME DEGREE OF ORGANIZATION, TEMPORAL CONTINUITY, AND RELIANCE OF NON-INSTITUTIONAL FORMS OF ACTION TO PROMOTE OR RESIST CHANGE IN THE GROUP, SOCIETY OF WORLD ORDER OF WHICH IT IS A PART.” |
| Breakdown Theory | McAdams & Snow - Social movements are the by-products of the clamor for change that is triggered by disintegrative events (wars & economic downturns) or by exclusionary social arrangements that make victims vulnerable to the appeals of social movements |
| Protagonists | McAdams and Snow - ALL GROUPS AND COLLECTIVITIES THAT ARE SUPPORTERS OF THE MOVEMENT OR WHOSE INTERESTS ARE REPRESENTED BY IT |
| Types of Protagonists | McAdams and Snow - Adherents – participate in activity, Constituency – those who are part of it, Beneficiaries |
| Antagonists | McAdams and Snow - Those who oppose a social movement |
| Bystanders | McAdams and Snow - Those who are not involved but can sometimes be disrupted by a movement |
| Resource Mobilization Theory | McAdams and Snow - asserts that social movements form when people who share grievances are able to mobilize resources and take action. This theory places resources at the center of both the emergence and success of social movements |
| Norm-oriented | McAdams and Snow - concerned with producing more limited but specific changes within a social system, often with respect to rules of access to, and operation within, the various institutional arenas of society / what ought to be |
| Value-oriented | McAdams and Snow - concerned with more fundamental change, and thus seek to alter basic values and the institutional bedrock on which they rest / fundamental |
| Interest groups | McAdams and Snow - embedded in that system and are typically regarded as legitimate actors within the political arena |
| Collective action | McAdams and Snow - encompasses any goal directed activity jointly pursued by two or more individuals |
| Elements of a Social Movement | McAdams and Snow Some degree of organization Some degree of temporal continuity Change oriented goals Extra Institutional forms of action |
| Reformative change | McAdams and Snow - Seek limited change in the social system in which they are embedded |
| Transformative change | McAdams and Snow - Seeks total change in the broader social structure and its associated ideational bedrock |
| What is not a social movement? | Social trends Changes in public opinion Mass migration Interest groups |
| Autocracy | Dahl - the concentration of power in a single centre, be it an individual dictator or a group of power holders such as a committee or a party leadership |
| Desirable outcomes democracy produces | Dahl Avoiding Tyranny Essential Rights General Freedom Self Determination Moral Autonomy Human Development Protecting Essential Personal Interests Political Equality Peace Seeking Prosperity |
| Intrinsic equality | Dahl - moral judgment that all human beings are of equal intrinsic worth, that no person is intrinsically superior to another, and that the good or interests of each person must be given equal consideration |
| Logic of equality | Dahl Legitimacy/happiness Guardianship Market ( needed in other spaces) Ego of humans Inherent to democracy Collaboration helps survival (evolutionary) Nature vs nurture Does it matter? (taxation w/o representation) |
| Criteria for democratic process | Dahl EFFECTIVE PARTICIPATION VOTING EQUALITY ENLIGHTENED UNDERSTANDING CONTROL OF THE AGENDA INCLUSION OF ADULTS |
| Polyarchy democracy required institutions | Elected officials Free, fair and frequent elections Freedom of expression Alternative Information Association Autonomy Inclusive Citizenship |
| Essential conditions for democracy | Dahl Control of Military and Police by elected officials Democratic beliefs and political culture No strong foreign control hostile to democracy Favorable Conditions: Modern Market and Economy & Weak subcultural pluralism |
| Average change in democracy score | (2017-2010): -0.11 |
| Challenges to democracy | Dahl Economic Order inequality, international Cultural Diversity ARRANGEMENTS DEMOCRATIC COUNTRIES DEVELop FOR DEALING w/ CULTURAL DIVERSITY Civic Education require understanding “time, each member = equal & effective policies & likely consequences.” |
| Dahl's empirical findings | Not very VALUES DEM SUPPORT DEM = ELASTIC CENTRIST = PRO DEMOCRATIC FORCE MOST VOTERS PARTISANS 1 & DEM 2 PARTISAN ‘DOUBLE STANDARD” PLATFORM POLAR BAD FOR DEM SENSITIVe TO MANIPULATION VARIES SOLID UNDERSTANDING OF WHAT DEM IS/IS NOT |
| Liberal | Dahl rule of law, separation of powers, freedom of speech, assembly religion, and property |
| Presentism | Dahl thinking the moment tells hows the world will be |
| Constitutional Liberalism | Dahl not procedures for selecting government, but rather governments goals |
| Illiberal democracy | Zakaria Democracy that does something un-democratic |
| Liberal government | Zakaria Ensuring our freedom and democracy, protecting both from each other and government |
| Decline of democracy | Zakaria Norms: decline of democratic norms and cultures, behaviors Civic Associations: membership declines |
| Ideal Political Theory | Brennan WHAT INSTITUTIONS WOULD BE BEST IF EVERYONE WERE MORALLY PERFECT, WITH PERFECT MORAL VIRTUE AND PERFECT SENSE OF JUSTICE |
| Non-ideal Political Theory | Bennan WHAT INSTITUTIONS WOULD BE BEST GIVEN HOW PEOPLE REALLY ARE – REAL PEOPLE HAVE PERVASIVE MORAL FLAWS AND VICES, WITH ONLY A WEAK COMMITMENT TO JUSTICE |
| Epistemic/Instrumental | Brennan lead to good outcomes, at least compared to alternatives |
| Aretaic | Brennan impact on person, pertaining to virtue |
| Intrinsic (value) | Brennan good in and of itself |
| Philosophical liberalism | Brennan view that each individual has a dignity, founded on justice, that imbues them with an extensive range of rights and freedoms—rights and freedoms that cannot easily be outweighed or overridden for the greater social good |
| Authority Tenent | Brennan When some citizens have greater knowledge or reliability, this justifies granting them political authority over those with lesser knowledge |
| Anti-Authority Tenent | Brennan When some citizens are morally unreasonable, ignorant, or incompetent about politics, this justifies not permitting them to exercise political authority over others - forbidding them from holding power or reducing the power they have |
| Instrumental Value | Brennan Has an express physical purpose (a hammer, a computer) |
| Symbolic Value | Brennan Has a purpose that is more nuanced (art, knowledge) |
| Proceduralism | Brennan thesis that some way (or ways) of distributing power or making decisions is intrinsically good, just, or legitimate |
| Truth tenet | Brennan There are correct answers to (at least some) political questions |
| Knowledge tenet | Brennan Some citizens know more of these truths or are more reliable at determining these truths than others |
| Hobbits | Brennan Apathetic and ignorant Prefer to live daily life without reference to politics Do not know much Typical non-voter |
| Hooligans | Brennan Like rabid sports fans or religious zealots Know a lot but in a biased way and only from their perspective Over-confident and cherry pick Party members, political participants, activists. |
| Vulcans | Brennan Scientific and rational Open to others Seek to understand Free of cognitive bias |
| Brennan's ideas | Voters know so little Are they stupid? They do not care Knowledge correlates with policy views “Most citizens have a moral obligation to refrain from voting, even if they have a right to vote” |
| Forms of Epistocracy | Brennan Restricted suffrage – judge competence Plural Voting – educated = more votes Enfranchisement lottery – chosen & train to vote Epistocratic vote – selected body can veto democratic rules Weighted voting – weighted based on political knowledge |
| Sandel's ideas | Need more representation of less educated More overt/expressive prejudice |
| Yoo's ideas | Trump = stouter defender of our original governing document He defended traditional executive primacy in foreign affairs & war He may have shaken up the political system enough to allow it to adapt to the new economy of social media, networks, and AI |
| "political order" | Liberman "a constellation of rules, institutions, practices, and ideas that hang together over exhibiting coherence and predictability while time . . . other things change around them. " |
| Trumpism | combination of right-wing populism and anti-establishment beliefs that included an intense professed patriotism, economic nationalism, and nativism coupled with an assault on some of the core values of liberal democracy |
| Political norms | “commonly held but often informal understandings that govern behavior even when formal rules do not delineate politicians’ behavior.” |
| Rise of illiberal democracies | Internet and social media – political elites do not control information Movement of peoples – substantial and exaggerated Economic Inequality - growing |
| Three streams in American politics | POLARIZED TWO PARTY/ PRESIDENTIALISM A POLITY FUNDAMENTALLY DIVIDED OVER MEMBERSHIP AND STATUS IN THE POLITICAL COMMUNITY EROSION OF DEMOCRATIC NORMS AT ELITE AND MASS LEVELS COMMON BUT INFORMAL |
| Deep state | Alleged secret network of nonelected govt officials & private entities operating extralegally to influence & enact government policy - power comes from experience, knowledge, relationships, insight, craft, special skills, traditions, & shared values |
| Federalism | power to the states |
| Summary of ____ | DISLODGE THE DEEP STATE WITHDRAW FROM INTERNATIONAL TREATIES ELIMINATES VOTER FRAUD PROTECTS THE FREE PRESS FEDERALISM ELECTORAL COLLEGE IS DEMOCRATIC GIVE PEOPLE A CHOICE |
| Bentley's pluralism | Like Realism in International Relations In economics it is markets What about ideas - Normative or descriptive No real public opinion |
| Lemann's ideas | Politics & govt result of activities of groups. Pluralism - the working of interest groups constitute politics Objections = pluralism gives too little to power of ideas & of social & economic forces, & no room for morality. In dom policy, interest grou |
| Typology of interest groups | Public Interest Groups – Greenpeace common cause Professional Groups – American Medical Association and the American Bar Association One issue groups –National Rifle Association (NRA) and NORML (National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws) I |
| Pluralism | theory that a multitude of groups, not the people as a whole, govern the United States. These organizations (unions, political action committees, business lobbies, and other special interest groups) influence the making and administration of laws and poli |
| Neo-pluralism | Sees multiple pressure groups competing over political influence, the political agenda is biased towards corporate power, no longer sees the state as an umpire mediating and adjudicating between the demands of different interest groups, but as a relativel |
| interest group | organization of people who share a common interest and work together to protect and promote that interest by influencing the government. Very different in size, aims and tactics. |
| LOBBYING | first amendment “to petition the government for a redress of grievances” |
| Lobbyists | political professional who work to lawfully influence polices, decisions, and actions of government officials |
| political action committee (PAC) | group "organized for the purpose of raising and spending money to defeat and elect candidates |
| super PAC, formally known as an independent expenditure-only committee | may raise unlimited sums of money from corporations, unions, associations and individuals, then spend unlimited sums to overtly advocate for or against political candidates. Unlike traditional PACs, super PACs are prohibited from donating money directly t |
| Federal Election Commission (FEC) | establishes contribution limits for federal candidates. A contribution may be made in the form of money, goods and services, and loans. Some contribution limits apply to each election in which a federal candidate participates |
| Majoritarian Electoral Democracy | Page and Gillens collective will of citizens through elections |
| Economic Elite Domination | Page and Gillens dominated by those with income or wealth |
| Majoritarian Pluralism | Page and Gillens draw on Bentley (collective action problem) Contradictions, naive democracy May not feel the need to vote |
| Biased Pluralism | Page and Gillens tilt toward corporations and businesses Non-excludable is more rare Matched to economic elites |
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epietrzak
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