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Unit Test (LaMagna)
Colonization of America
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Christopher Columbus | He opened the way for European exploration, exploitation, and colonization of the Americas. In 1492, he landed in the Bahamas. He opened an exchange of goods between Europe and the Americas called "The Columbian Exchange." |
| What was the Columbian Exchange? | It was the process by which goods, people, and diseases crossed the Atlantic. |
| What was exchanged during the Columbian Exchange? | Goods, people and diseases were exchanged |
| What were the positive effects of the Columbian Exchange? | Each place got to trade for new resources and crops they didn't already have. |
| What were the negative effects of the Columbian Exchange? | Smallpox and other diseases wiped out many. |
| Percentage of Native American population wiped out by disease | 90% |
| Spanish Conquests 1500s & 1600s | Pushed North into land that is now the United States of America, they became wealthy from gold and silver. American Indians were converted to the Catholic faith. The Spanish Inquisition (1478-1834) was the brutal period of religious persecution, torture a |
| Why did the Spanish turn to African slaves? | Since 90% of the native population was wiped out by disease, the spanish turned to African slaves for labor. |
| St. Augustine | It was founded in 1565 in Florida, it's the oldest continually occupied city in the United States. |
| Spanish Borderlands | Florida, Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and California. |
| The Black Legend | The belief that Spaniards stole from, tortured, and killed Native Americas. |
| Why was England jealous of Spain? | England was jealous and fearful of the wealth and power Spain was accumulating. |
| Sir Francis Drake | English explorer. Hired as privateer by Queen Eliza. I, rewarded with knighthood. 1st Englishman to sail arnd. globe-1577. Played big role in the defeat of Spanish Armada-1588, helped Eng. become global empire. Sailed to San Fran., claimed the land for E |
| Roanoke 1585 | First attempt at an English colony in North America with 107 men. The colony failed due to poor planning, lack of supplies, and conflicts with the natives. They were rescued by Sir Francis Drake and taken back to England. |
| Roanoke 1587 | Second attempt with a group of 117 colonists. Called "The Lost Colony." This is because when the supply ships returned in 1590, no trace of the colonists were found, only the word "Croatoan" was carved on a tree. |
| What year was Jamestown founded? | Founded in 1607. |
| Why did settlers come? | Settlers came hoping to find gold. |
| Rights of the Jamestown settlers? | Colonists would be given the same "rights as Englishmen," though most of the settlers came looking for fortune and didn't intend to work. |
| John Smith | He was a soldier and adventurer, and the leader of Jamestown. |
| Famous Quote | "He that will not work shall not eat." - John Smith |
| Chief Powhatan | Chief of the Powhatans, and planned to execute Smith. Pocahontas was his daughter. |
| Pocahontas | Chief Powhatan's daughter, Saved John Smith's life. She continued to help the English settlers after that and eventually married John Rolfe and moved to London. She died from an illness in 1617 as they were preparing to return to Virginia. |
| John Rolfe | Arrived in Jamestown in 1610. He served a prominent role in the economic and political life of the colony until he died in 1622 after an Indian massacre (it is unknown if he was killed or died from disease). |
| Tobacco | John Rolfe started experimenting with this in 1612. The settlers began growing tobacco under his leadership. Rolfe became wealthy because of this and Jamestown prospered. It's a labor-intensive crop and it needs many workers. |
| John Rolfe's relationship to Pocahontas | He married her in 1614 which assured peace with the Powhatans for eight years and had a son, Thomas, in 1615. He traveled back to England with her in 1616. |
| What year did African slaves arrive in Jamestown, Virginia? | 1619 |
| Why were they brought to the colony? | Because tobacco was a labor-indusive crop and they needed more, but cheap workers. |
| How many African slaves were there? | Starting in 1610 there were 20 African slaves, in 1700 there were 13,000, and in 1790 there were 292,627. |
| The "Starving Time" | It took place the winter of 1609-1610. There were food shortages, fractured leadership, and a siege by Powhatan Indian warriors killed two of every three colonists. |
| Martin Luther | He objected to the selling of indulgences in the Catholic Church. In 1517 he wrote the 95 theses which would lay the foundation for the Protestant Reformation. |
| King Henry VIII | He reigned from 1509-1547 and broke off from the Catholic Church. As a result of this, he made his own church, the Church of England in 1529. |
| Church of England | The church King Henry VIII made when the Catholic Church wouldn't grant him an annulment from Catherine of Aragorn. |
| King James VI | He ruled as an Anglican and disliked the Puritans (separatists and non-separatists. |
| Puritanism | The religious reform movement that emerged within the Church of England during the late sixteenth century. It was critical of the Anglican Church, English Society, and government. |
| Puritanism followed the teachings of who? | John Calvin |
| Puritans | A movement to purify the Church of England. |
| Why did Separatists leave England? | They left England to break away from the Church of England and began to worship in secret |
| Where did the Separatists go? | They fled to Holland in 1608. |
| What was life like in Holland? | They gained religious freedom but also faced difficulties like finding jobs and assimilation (losing their native culture). |
| What happened to the Speedwell? | It developed a leak and most of the passengers were transferred to the Mayflower. |
| What year was the first voyage on the Mayflower? | 1620 |
| How many passengers were on the Mayflower? | 102 passengers, 37 were separatists and 65 were "strangers" (non-separatists) |
| How long was the trip on the Mayflower? | 66 days |
| What were the conditions on the Mayflower? | They were blown off course by storms |
| Where was the Mayflower headed? | The New World |
| Where did the Mayflower land? | Cape Cod Bay |
| Where did the people on the Mayflower settle? | Plymouth |
| The Mayflower Compact | Created a government by working together to make laws. They formed a community and agreed to abide by the rules for the betterment of all. |
| Squanto | Befriended the colonists and taught them how to plant corn, as well as where to fish and hunt beaver. |
| Wampanoag | Saved the Pilgrims from starvation by teaching them how to hunt, plant crops, and how to get the best of their harvest. |
| Massasoit | Established a historic peace treaty |
| Wampanoag and Massaoit's realationships with the colonists | In 1621, the colonists decided to celebrate their plentiful harvest and survival through the harsh winter. The Wampanoag Indians contributed to the celebration by showing their own harvest traditions of dancing, games, and feasting. |
| First "Thanksgiving" | It was meant to be a fast, not a feast. It was a "giving of thanks" in the form of prayer and abstaining from food. It was a three day celebration and 90 of the Wampanoag Indians joined in with their own harvest traditions. |
| Modern-day region of Massachusetts Bay Colony | Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, Vermont, and Maine. |
| What was the reason that the Puritans settled in the Massachusetts Bay Colony? | To escape religious persecution. |
| Climate of Massachusetts Bay | Harsh winters and warm summers. |
| Geography of Massachusetts Bay | Sandy coasts with good ports, rich pastures, and forests. |
| Economy of Massachusetts Bay | Crop and livestock farming, lumbering, shops, and shipping. |
| Religion of Massachusetts Bay | Puritan |
| Type of government in Massachusetts Bay | Self-governing, with a strong religious influence. |
| John Winthrop | Lawyer and leader of the 1630 migration of English Puritans to Massachusetts Bay Colony |
| John Winthrop's famous sermon | 'City Upon a Hill'. Given to the Arbella to settlers traveling to New England. |
| The Puritan Ethic | Hard work, self-discipline. |
| What college was founded by the Puritans? | Harvard |
| Mercantilism | An economic policy in which nations tried to gain wealth by controlling trade and establishing colonies. |
| Cash crops | A crop, such as tobacco, sugar, and cotton, raised in large quantities and sold for profit. |
| Charter | A formal document issued by the king that outlined a colony's geographic boundaries and specified how it would be governed. |
| Democracy (indirect) | Ruled by the people, citizens elect representatives to make and carry out laws. |
| What were the New England Colonies? | Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, and New Hampshire. |
| Geography of the New England Colonies | Rocky, hilly wilderness. |
| Climate of the New England Colonies | Long, cold winters. |
| Economy of the New England Colonies | Built it on small farms, lumbering, fishing, shipbuilding, and trade. |
| What were the Middle Colonies? | New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Delaware. |
| Geography of the Middle Colonies | Rich soil, wooded mountains. |
| Climate of the Middle Colonies | Coastal |
| Economy of the Middle Colonies | Crops, livestock, lumbering, and shipbuilding. |
| What were the Southern Colonies? | Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia. |
| Geography of the Southern Colonies | Broad rivers, vast wetlands that gradually merged with the sea. |
| Climate of the Southern Colonies | Hot and wet (humid). |
| Economy of the Southern Colonies | Established large farms called plantations. |
| Why did the Separatists leave Holland? | because of the assimilation |
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Katherine_Sarena8
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