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History 202 Exam 3
Hoskins Ch. 24-
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Why was the US described as an "Urban Nation" in the 1920 census? | People were moving away from farming, more people were working in industries. Farming and farmers were not a political priority for the US. |
| Nativists | People in the US who opposed immigration; they were scared of the change that immigrants may bring to the US |
| Technological advancements in the early 1900s | Model T (Vehicles) Movies with sounds Radios Non-militant airplanes |
| National Origans Act | 1924; set a quota for immigration to the US |
| Sacco & Vanzetti | Political extremists; accused and put on trial for robbery & murder. Jury convicted them and they were later executed. |
| KKK in 1915 | Began grow in the south and west with 3-8 million members. the group held lots of democratic power because of their size |
| Characteristics of the KKK | Protestant Believed in white supremacy anti-sematic (anti-jews) anti-catholic |
| John T. Scopes | Biology teacher in TN. taught darwinism; was arrested and put on trial |
| Scopes Monkey Trial | Dayton, TN. John T. Scopes' trial, large public interest, so many people showed up, the trial had to take place outside the courthouse |
| Clarance Darrow | One of the best trial lawyers in the country, defense for Scopes. Hired by the American Civil Liberty Union for Scopes |
| "Lost Generation" | Described Americans who felt alienated after WW1 and moved to Greenwich Village in NYC, some even left the country and moved to Paris, in particular |
| Ex-Patriots | Americans who left the country after WW1 because they were dissatisfied with the American life and believed it to have repressive values. |
| Gifted writers who pointed out what they saw was wrong, was included in the "Lost Generation" | -William Faulkner -F. Scott Fitzgerald -Ernest Hemingway -Sinclair Lewis |
| Harlem Renaissance | Name given to black intellectual and artistic achievements in the '20s |
| Negro Nationalism | celebration of African roots and African-American life through writing, art, and music |
| "New Negro" | Described the new approach to embracing the new approach and view on African culture |
| Marcus Garvey | created a new organization called the "United Negro Improvement Association". He advocated separatism and return to Africa. This idea appealed to urban, working-class blacks |
| 18th Amendment | went into effect in January 1920, considered a "noble experiment" to improve American society |
| Negative Side-effects of prohibition | -organized crime, people were creating and smuggling bootleg liquor and set up speakeasies -crime went up, people were fighting and killing to gain control over illegal activities -A growing disrespect for and willingness to disobey the law |
| "wets" | people who were against prohibition |
| "drys" | people for prohibition |
| Warren G. Harding (R) | President in 1920. He had issues with morality and obeying the law, he snuck his mistress into the White House, played poker and served bootleg liquor. Died in 1923 |
| "return to normalcy" | Harding's goal to return the country to how it was before the war. Did NOT support progressive ideas |
| Albert Fall; Secretary of the Interior | abused his position. Took bribes to allow businessmen to use oil reserves |
| Teapot Dome Scandal | referred to Fall's inappropriate actions while in office, allowing businessmen to use oil reserves |
| Harry Daugherty; Attorney General | Sold Liquor permits as well as parole and pardons to criminals |
| Calvin Coolidge (R) | Became president after Harding's death. shared same conservative views as Harding, that the gov. was supposed to not get involved. |
| Policies under Harding/Coolidge | -Delegate Authority -Commitment to business -regulatory agencies, not so active in the 1920s, more inclined to protect businesses -Supreme Court Appointments, these new appointments were conservative and "pro business" |
| Andrew Mellon; Secretary of Treasury | promoted the concept of "trickle down economics" which was the idea that when businesses are doing well, workers will get higher wages and farmers will make larger profits |
| Results of "trickle down economics" | this policy was not successful. workers and farmers made less and less, but businesses did well, there was a perception that the economy was booming |
| Herbert Hoover; Secretary of Commerce | Believed that: -Business is good when its efficient and productive -Industries should be encouraged to organize and network -the role of the gov. is to provide advice and data |
| 1928 Election | Herbert Hoover (R) v. Al Smith |
| 1928 election issues | -Religion; Smith's Catholic religion was seen as a problem -Prohibition; Hoover (R) officially were against it -Prosperity (the perception of it); people associated Hoover with prosperity and business success |
| Agricultural Marketing Act | Showed willingness to sign a bill to help farmers. Did not do much, but it was a model for farm legislation in a depression |
| Causes of the depression | -bad distribution of wealth -poor banking practices -poor fed. reserve policies -international trade and debt -public (consumer) confidence |
| Early signs in the economy of depression | -decreased consumer spending -increases in retail inventories -decreases in factory output |
| Great Stock Market Crash | aka Black Tuesday, Oct. 29, 1929. Many considered this to be THE cause of the depression |
| What caused stock market crash | People were buying cheap stocks and then quickly selling them for more. Buying on margin. Accessibility to credit. |
| After the stock market crashed: | -Unemployment continues to rise -Many people are hungry and homeless -Many people lost their savings when banks failed |
| Hoovervilles | towns where homeless people gathered to live. showed how people felt about the president |
| Dust Bowl | Described the midwest during the droughts in the 1930s. Saved crops began to get infested and farmers lost everything, so they moved to Cali |
| Okies | Name given to farmers who moved from the midwest to california during the dust bowl |
| Methods of Relief | public: had very limited resources to meet needs Private/religious charities: Soup kitchens and donations of clothes -Overall, these methods were not strong enough to do much |
| Smoot-Hawley Tariff | Put large tariffs on imported goods, which essentially shuts down international trade during this time. |
| Bonus Army | Vets still alive in 1945 will get a bonus from the gov. These vets wanted the bonus now, since they had nothing else, but they were refused it, so they stormed DC |
| General Douglas McArthur | In charge of getting these people out of the capital, uses extreme measures and make Hoover look bad |
| Hoovers solutions re: depression | -people to volunteer as in war times, come together -believes capitalism is sound and will make it through the depression -Limited role of Gov. in businesses -balanced budget -NO DIRECT AID -believed that this was started in Europe |
| 1932 Election | Hoover(R) v. Franklin Roosevelt (D) -Communists and socialists blame capitalism for the economy failing |
| FDR ideas | -conservative; comes from wealth -balanced budget -local relief -citizens should be able to look to the gov. for help -Pragmatist; willing to try new ideas to see if they work |
| FDR Bank reform | 1st, declares bank holiday, took money off the gold standard and sets a date to reopen banks, that is announced on radio |
| Emergency Banking Act | -gives permission to shut down banks -took money off the gold standard -makes plan to reopen banks -tells people when the banks will open and assures that they are safe |
| Glass-Stegal Act | -separates commercial and investment banks -FDIC; Federal Deposit Insurance Corp. |
| Federal Emergency Relief | gave cash grants to people in need; provided immediate relief |
| Civil Works Admin | Harry Hopkins. Provided jobs; got shut down because people didn't like the idea of getting handouts from the government |
| Civilian Civil Corp. (CCC) | Ran by Harry Hopkins. Hired young men for 6 months to work in national forests |
| Agricultural Adjustment Act | plan to raise crop prices so farmers can make more money. the gov. paid farmers to destroy their crops and kill their livestock |
| Butler v. U.S. | crt ruling to take down the AAA. people didn't like the AAA because people didn't have food but farmers were profiting by destroying crops. |
| NIRA (National Industrial Recovery Act) | plan to help businesses by establishing the National Recovery Admin. and Sect. 7a |
| National Recovery Admin | was made to ensure fair competition, gave "blue eagle emblems" to show what businesses were following the rules |
| Sect. 7a | said businesses had to recognize workers' right to organize and bargain |
| Schecter Poultry v. U.S. | Struck down the NRA and sect. 7a of the NIRA |
| Public Works Administration | Provided large public works projects that allowed minorities to get jobs. Was headed by Harold Ickes but moves very slowly for fear of corruption |
| Tennessee Valley Authority purpose | -flood control in the Tennessee River Valley -conduct reforestation and erosion control projects -Generate and sell reasonably priced electric power, especially to the poor |
| 20th Amendment | Changed the Inauguration Day to January 20 |
| 21st Amendment | repealed the 18th (prohibition) |
| Who opposed FDR's administrations | -American Liberty League -Communists and socialists -Supreme Court ( because it was filled with conservative republicans) |
| FDR's court packing plan | the goal of adding democrat supreme crt justices that would agree with him |
| Hoskins Rule for re-elected presidents | the idea that re-elected presidents think that they were re-elected because we support whatever THEY want to do |
| Dr. Frances Townsend | MD; treated elderly people and had the idea to pay the elderly an amount each month (gov. supplied pension) |
| Father Charles Coughlin | Catholic Priest who spoke about his issues and ideas re: banks on the radio. His solution to the current problem was to nationalize the banks |
| Huey P. Long | Considered a progressive democrat; was the governor of Louisiana and later became senator |
| "Share the Wealth" | Huey P. Long's idea to redistribute wealth so everyone had enough money to live. |
| "Second New Deal" | A set of legislation passed in response to backlash and the stop of earlier legislation |
| National Youth Admin | Provided part time jobs for any high school and college student |
| Works Progress Admin` | headed by Harry Hopkins, focused on the public works program to provide jobs and reduce unemployment |
| Federal One Project | hired writers, artists, musicians etc. to do work for the gov, |
| Social Security Act | -aid to poor, disabled and dependent children -retirement pensions -unemployment insurance |
| Frances Perkins | Secretary of Labor, was the first woman in the cabinet |
| Robert Wagner | Pro-labor senator in NY |
| Wagner Act/ National Labor Relations Act | replaced sect. 7a. gave workers the right to unionize |
| Soil conservation and domestic allotment act | Did the same thing as AAA, but worded it in a way that was more accepted. Focused on rotating crops, etc. |
| Rural Electrification Admin | sent electricity to rural areas, allowed farms to use electricity and become more efficient |
| 1936 election voting | when the parties began to shift/realign -southern democrats who were conservative continued to vote dem. -Blacks tended to vote R, but there was a shift because of new legislation -workers were pleased with the legislation, so they began voting D |
| Isolationism | the US wanted to stay away from foreign affairs, unless is was regarding trade |
| Washington Naval Conference | US, Britain, France, Japan, and China came together and agreed to not be heavily armed |
| Kellog-Briand Pact | Agreement to not use military and war-like forces, most every nation agreed. In the end, it didn't work because it was too idealistic |
| Characteristics of Fascism | -INTENSE nationalism -militarism -Racism -capitalism -totalitarian |
| Fascist Countries | Germany, Italy, Spain, Japan, |
| Benito Mussolini | Italian fascist leader who wanted to create a "new Roman Empire". Took over Ethiopia and broke the Kellog-briand pact |
| Adolph Hitler | German fascist leader, from Austria, leader of the Nazi party. He left the league of nations and was focused on uniting German-speaking people |
Created by:
lexiesonnier
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