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History Unit 1 Test
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Nomadic herdsmen and raiders from the Near East with light skin and eyes. They had chariots, horses, and bronze weapons. They conquered the indigenous people in India | Aryans |
| The religion implemented by the Aryans to control the Indians. Based on the idea of multiple gods and a caste system. Eventually developed into Hinduism. | Brahmanism |
| Collection of religious hymns compiled around 1500-500 BC that were memorized through chants. The oldest versions were written in Sanskrit, and the oldest section details the conquering of India and the caste system. | Vedas |
| Created by the Aryans to control the Indians. Rigid social classes and limited communication between classes. Validated by the holy texts. | caste system |
| The five levels of the caste system ranked highest to lowest - priests, warriors/officials, merchants/artisans, laborers/peasants, impure jobs | brahmans, kshatriyas, vaishyas, shudras, dalits/untouchables |
| Word for caste | varna |
| Your soul’s record of your good and bad deeds | karma |
| Word for reincarnation and the idea of possibly being reborn into a higher caste | samsara |
| Your duty or role in society that if performed well, would allow you to be reborn into a higher caste. Two types were sanatana dharma, which is being good throughout life, and svadharma, or caste duty | dharma |
| Release from the wheel of death and rebirth and unity with the god Brahman | moksha |
| Song of the Blessed Lord, describes a story in which the god of war speaks to a warrior, telling him that his duty is most important, and that killing an enemy does not mean you have extinguished their soul | Bhagavad-Gita |
| The Buddha, a man who spent life looking for a way to end suffering. Abandoned asceticism, meditated, and achieved enlightenment. His ideas could be viewed as a reformist view of Brahmanism. | Siddhartha Gautama |
| Self discipline of subjecting oneself to pain to replace sacrifice. Originally to achieve magical powers and used spiritual meditation to reach the beyond | asceticism |
| Involves focus on breathing, removing oneself from the current world and acting as a viewer. Used to reach higher planes of the mind and achieve enlightenment. | meditation |
| Comes from the vision of the man tuning the sitar. The idea is that we must avoid extremes to achieve a tuneful harmony in life. | middle path |
| First noble truth: human life is stressful and full of suffering | dukkha |
| Second noble truth: the source of suffering and stress is internal, not external | trishna |
| Third noble truth: resting in each moment relieves stress | nirvana |
| Fourth noble truth: eight steps to achieve a good life. Basics are Be Good, Do Right, and Meditate. | 8-Fold Path |
| Wise teachers that have reached nirvana and stay alive to teach others the way | bodhisattva |
| The emperor for which China is named. He united China after the Warring States Period, but his dynasty only lasted 15 years. He is also known for the terracotta warriors that guard his tomb | Emperor Qin |
| Advisor to Emperor Qin who believed that humans are corrupt and evil by nature. Used Legalist methods and created the idea of the Two Handles to control the population. | Han Fei |
| The 15 year dynasty after Warring States Period. Harsh time and the dynasty eventually fell because of natural disasters and the general discontent from the people. Though short, the dynasty still had huge cultural impact on the dynasties that followed. | Qin Dynasty |
| A line of hereditary rulers that can be either male or female. Usually begins with a strong ruler who is perceived to have the Mandate of Heaven. | Dynasty |
| Based on the idea that all humans are corrupt and evil by nature, and will only follow the correct path if forced. This philosophy relies on fear to motivate the people. In China it included book burning, travel permits, census for taxation, and the const | Legalism |
| Idea created by Han Fei. Chastisement, punishment, torture or death, and Commendation, which would be praise, wealth, or titles. | Two Handles |
| Obedience to the government, often at the expense of one’s own freedom. | authoritarian |
| Philosopher whose ideas are still present in China today. He believed that people are good, and if each person fulfills their role, then society will operate smoothly. | Confucius |
| Sayings and ideas of Confucius recorded after his death by his followers and students. | Analects |
| 422 year long dynasty that followed the Qin dynasty and occurred before the period of the Three Kingdoms. Many agricultural and technological advancements and inventions were made, and the government began allowing people to test to achieve higher positio | Han Dynasty |
| A system of roads that provided a network of exchange in which silk was the most common commodity. It helped connect people and their cultures, and helped unify parts of Eurasia. | Silk Road |
| Perfect goodness, humaneness, or the golden rule | ren |
| Respect for parents and ancestors | filial piety |
| Knowing what is appropriate and acting accordingly | propriety |
| Gentlemanly conduct or acting as a role model | junzi |
| Five relationships in which there is a superior and a person who must respect the superior. Ex. ruler and subject, father and son, elder and younger… | 5 cardinal relationships |
| Made from the thread that mulberry worms use to cocoon. It was kept as a secret by the Chinese and the penalty for sharing the method was punishable by death. It was highly valued by the Romans and other Europeans. | silk |
| A type of trade in which merchants pass the goods along major cities on the road. The price of the goods would often increase by large amounts during the process. | relay trade |
| An economic good or resource that is interchangeable or tradable with other goods. | commodities |
| a large area of flat unforested grassland | steppe |
| Concept invented by the Shang when they defeated the Xia in order to make themselves seem like the good guys, the saviors. An emperor is granted this by Heaven when he comes into power, but can lose it through bad conduct or corruption. | Mandate of Heaven |
| A practice that began when men found tiny feet pretty. The process involved breaking and binding the toes in order to prevent growth and keep the feet at 3-4 inches. If you did not abide by these social standards, you were considered unfit for marriage. | foot binding |
| A test system that allowed people of different classes to gain higher positions based on intellect instead of birth. However, cheating became so extreme that they had to constantly devise new ways to prevent it. | examination system |
| Someone who has no permanent home, but rather travels from place to place following their herd or food source | nomad |
| A religion with multiple gods (supreme sky god ruling over nature god | polytheistic |
| A city that had more than a million people in 1200 CE. Fully urbanized with specialized markets, restaurants, bars, hotels, clubs, and schools for music. Described by Marco Polo as “the finest and noblest city in the world.” | Hangzhou |
| The spreading and merging of different cultures | cultural diffusion |
| Messenger, supply, and postal system set up in relay stations. Provided food, shelter, and spare horses as well as shade along the way. Were able to cover 200 miles a day so intelligence relayed quickly. | yam |
| A Mongols’ home, easily built, torn down, and transportable. Basically a tent wrapped in leather. | yurt |
| Mongol leader who united the Mongol tribes to conquer over 4 million square miles of Eurasia. He ruled by fear, but was a great military innovator. Started with only 120,000 men, but over time the army grew. Was a ruthless and powerful overlord. | Genghis Khan |
| Merchant and traveler from Venice who traveled across Eurasia and recorded everything. His father and him were employed by the Mongols to act as messengers. His stories were eventually published into a book called Il Milione. | Marco Polo |
| Name means “you can’t get in, you can’t get out.” Elevation below sea level, so it’s shaped like a bowl. The winds in the desert make deafening sounds, and travelers often claimed to hear voices, and would follow these voices and get lost. | Taklamakan |
| Grandson of Ghengis Khan, but more intellectual rather than barbaric. Finished conquering Southern China, and established the capital in Beijing. He opened up the empire to more cultural diffusion and welcomed new religions. | Kublai Khan |
| The dynasty established by Kublai Khan and led by the Mongols. It was a period of peace, prosperity, and huge cultural growth. It was eventually ended by civil war and plague. | Yuan Dynasty |
| The man with which Marco Polo shared his travels with while a prisoner of war of Genoa. He was the co-writer of The Travels of Marco Polo. | Rustichello |
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sreheman2026
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