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Settling the West
Test over Settling the West 10/3
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Placer Mining | prospectors used picks, shovels, pans, etc.; scooped up shallow deposits |
| Quartz Mining | dug deep beneath surface |
| Henry Comstock | discovered the "Comstock Lode" |
| Comstock Lode | huge silver vein near Virginia City |
| Boomtown | A town that everyone moved to and populated because they found some sort of gold or silver |
| Vigilance Committees | volunteers who enforced law in the West |
| Texas Longhorns | They were a mix of Spanish cattle and American Cattle |
| Open Range | vast area of gov't-owned grassland |
| Long Drives | cattle was "driven" (herded) long distances to railheads (RR stations) and shipped East. |
| Railroads and Cattle | The westward development of the railroad system shortened cattle drives |
| Chrisholm Trail | famous long drive route from Texas to Abilene, Kansas |
| Barbed Wire and Range Wars | Range Wars broke out when sheep herds moved onto open range and also when farmers moved in Barbed wire- enabled huge areas to be fenced in cheaply |
| Why did long Drives End? | Blizzards in 1886-87; killed huge numbers of herds |
| Haciendas | a large estate or plantation with a dwelling house |
| Barrios | district of a town in Spain and Spanish-speaking countries. |
| Stephen Long | Explored the region in 1819 and called it the Great American Desert |
| Homestead Act | 120 acres free to settlers who would live on the land for five years and make improvements. $10 filing fee |
| What were challenges for Homesteaders? | Lack of trees and water -- had to build sod houses ("soddies") -- had to drill deep wells Heat and drought in summer Blizzards in water Prairie fires!! Swarms of grasshoppers destroyed crops |
| Railroads and the West | RRs-ensured easy access advertised sale of cheap land along RR lines |
| Soddie House | a common style of dwelling built in the Prairies during the second half of the 19th century. Due to lack of trees |
| What were new farming techniques? | Dry-farming-planted seeds deep for moisture |
| What were new farming Technology? | Wheat belt-eastern edge of Great Plains steel plows (John Deere 1837), seed drills reapers (1831), and threshers. mechanical reapers-faster harvest |
| Bonaza Farms | huge wheat farms up to 50,000 acres: often owned by big corporations |
| What were major issues for plains farmers? | Frequent drought spells made farming even more difficult. Insect blights raged through some regions, eating further into the farmers' profits. |
| Nomads | wandered the plains following the buffalo |
| How did natives use buffalo? | meat for food, hides for clothing and shelter, and horns and bones for tools. |
| How did natives view nature? | intrinsically intertwined with human development and wellbeing |
| Dakota Sioux Uprising | an armed conflict between the United States and several bands of eastern Dakota also known as the Santee Sioux. |
| Little Crow | a spokesperson for all the Lower bands of Dakota. |
| Sand Creek Massacre | marked a turning point in the relationship between American Indian tribes and the Federal Government. |
| John Chivington | the "fighting Parson" of gloriette Pass |
| Chief Red Cloud War | defeated Captain W.J. Fetterman and 80 U.S. army soldiers Lead them into a trap and killed them |
| Fetterman's Massacre | an attack by a group of Native Americans, on US soldiers led by Captain Fetterman. |
| Crazy Horse | Crazy Horse was an Oglala Sioux Indian chief who fought against removal to a reservation |
| Indian Peace Commission 1867 | The 1867 Peace Commission was an attempt to bring peace to western lands by creating reservations for Indian tribes |
| Medicine Lodge Treaty | relegated the Cheyenne to lands south of Fort Larned |
| Battle of Little Bighorn | Native American forces led by Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull defeat the U.S. Army troops of Lt. Col. George Armstrong Custer |
| Sitting Bull | Sioux warriors left their reservations and united under the leadership of two Sioux chiefs |
| George Custer 7th Calvary | Custer and some 200 men in his battalion were attacked by as many as 3,000 Native Americans; within an hour Custer and all of his soldiers were dead. |
| Battle Strategies | lead his people back to their Sand Creek reservation in order to restore peace after Indian raids on ranches in the area. He is attacked there by a volunteer force led by John M. Chivington, the "fighting Parson" of gloriette Pass |
| Nez Perce | built up one of the largest horse herds on the continent |
| Chief Joseph | refused to sell land to government |
| Bear Paw Mountain | prairie island mountains and were formed by active volcanic activity about 50 million years ago |
| Wounded Knee 1890 | Battle-25 US soldiers and 200 Lakota men, women, and children killed. Last major Indian battle |
| Native Assimilation | an attempt to destroy traditional Indian cultural identities |
| Dawes Act 1887 | intended to make Indians give up their traditions and accept White customs |
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