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Modern History Test1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| 30 years war motivations: | Growing German Calvinist population demanding religious rights Growing conflict in Bohemia |
| 1 period of conflict | Bohemia: Ferdinand II HRE, rules as catholic king as supporter of Catholic cause. |
| Calvinist Revolt: | Overthrows Catholic leaders in Bohemia and take control of Progue and declare Frederick V new King of Bohemia and leads German protestant union. Catholic league earns victory against Protestants - Calvinist revolt suppressed in Bavaria |
| With every Catholic victory, two things happen: | Calvinist will feel more threatened by Catholic forces in Germany With every victory against these revolts, Ferdinand II's position of HRE will strengthen |
| 2 period of conflict | Danish Period: Christian IV, king of Denmark, aids protestant revolts against Ferdinand. Defeated by Catholic league -Danish support ends with Treaty of Lubeck |
| 3 period of conflict | Swedish period: German princes and Calvinists threatened by victories and growing power of Catholic HRE. Swedish-French allied forces move into Germany, expanding into political European conflict |
| Battle of Lutzon | Swedish victory over Catholic forces |
| Battle of Nordlingen | Swedish defeat |
| Treaty of Hague | Ends Swedish conflict, strengthens HRE power and weakens German princes |
| 4 period of conflict | French period: Sparked by French desire to claim German lands and reduce power of powerful Hapsburg family. Ferdinand II dies, succeeded by Ferdinand III French victory in Spain leads to sending more french forces into Germany |
| Peace of Westphalia | Ends thirty years war Sweden and france gain territories Officially recognizes Dutch Independence and Swiss Independence |
| French Period | Only period of 30 years war that is motivated by political reasons |
| Peace of Westphalia continued | Grants German states the right to make treaties and alliances awaking the role of HRE Expands peace of Augsburg - include rights of Calvinists Ends the catholic goal of religious unification in Germany Fragments HRE into individual states |
| Treaty of Pyrenees | France awarded part of Spanish Netherlands and northern spanish provinces - Pyrenees establish France as the dominant power of Europe. |
| Northern Renaissance - Germany | Invention of the printing press, more than 1000 presses operating across Europe. Increased accessibility of books and ideas, Increased rate of literacy |
| Christian Humanism | Efforts to unite classical teaching and christian tradition. Reject "otherworldliness" Reject focus of past christian teaching Use classical texts to reconcile christian otherworldliness with human concerns |
| Christian Humanists | With their focus on classical language, they will also focus on classical biblical texts. |
| The Reformation | Abuses in catholic church led to growing demands for reform and ultimately resulted in the emergence of the Protestant Reformation. |
| 4 Protestant movements | Lutheranism, Calvinism, Anabaptism, Anglicanism |
| Lutheranism | Founder Martin Luther He becomes Augustinian monk and university theology professor |
| Luther's theology- justification by faith | Concerned with the question of salvation and fear of not achieving salvation Only through the grace could a person earn salvation |
| Indulgences and Doctrine of Indulgence | Reduce the amount of time spenct in purgatory Doctrine of Indulgence - Jesus and Saints by their good deeds on earth accumulated a credit of merit |
| Peace of Augsburg | Peace agreement that grants German princes the right to choose the religion, either Lutheranism or Catholicism, of their state. Northern Germany was Lutheran Southern Germany was Catholic |
| Calvinism: Ulrich Zwingli | Originally a catholic priest who believes the Catholic church can reform itself, splits from catholic church, believes there are no sacraments, bible is only source of Christian doctrine. |
| John Calvin | French, catholic theologian who converted to Protestantism France to Switzerland He becomes the leader of Swiss Protestant movement |
| Doctrines of Calvinism | Bible is the only source of Christian doctrine, only two sacraments: baptism and communism. |
| Doctrine of Predestination: salvation by election | Belief based on God's omnipotence and omniscience compared to man's insignificance and depravity . God has already planned out the history of the universe and knows who is destined for hell and salvation. |
| "The Elect" | Those who are predestined for salvation and granted the gift of faith in Christ. |
| Calvinism: practice and spread | No priests- "Elders" are leaders elected by congregations. Emphasis on simple worship and puritanical living, rejects worldly possessions. |
| Geneva Theocracy | Calvin led theocratic government in Genova and persecuted non- calvinists and violators. |
| Spread of Calvinism | Becomes dominant in Switzerland. Spreads to France, Huguenots (french calvinists) recieve some noble support. |
| Scottish Calvinists are known as | Presbyterians. Scotland adopts Presbyterian as state religion. |
| England Calvinists known as | Puritans. They attempt to purify English church of its remaining catholic population. |
| Anglicanism | Starts as political movement. |
| English Papal Conflict- Henry VIII (8) | Henry VIII wants male heir/develops passionate feelings for Boleyn and requests formal annulment from Pope that marriage to Catherine is invalid bc shes a widow, Pope refuses to respond. |
| Edward VI | Makes Anglican church more Protestant. "Six articles" replaced with "forty-two" articles which affirms more calvinist doctrine. |
| Elizabeth I | Daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Bolyen New act of supremacy repeats pro-catholic laws of Mary and re-establish monarch as head of Church . "Thirty nine articles" define doctrine of Anglican Church. |
| Mary Queen of Scots | Plots to overthrow Elizabeth but beheaded for treason . |
| Anabaptism | Protestant radicals. Rejects infant baptism, conversion before baptism, oppose taking oaths and relationships, church exists separate from state, believes in Baptism and Eucharist. |
| Society of Jesus, the Jesuits | Founded by St. Ignatius Loyola. The spiritual exercises to instruct a system of strict prayer and asceticism. Combat spread of Protestantism. |
| English victory | Campaign ends: spanish loses 40 ships and 1000 casualties English loses 0 ships but 100 deaths Marks beginning of decline of Spain |
| The Renaissance | The rebirth of Classical Civilization and cultural reawakening. |
| Humanism: | System of thought placing prime importance on human ideas. |
| Italian Renaissance | Begins in city states that do not suffer from economic crises and serves as centers of trade between the East and West. |
| Art, Literature, Architecture | Made money from banking or commerce. St. Peter's Basilica will be rebuilt. Workshops built high quality glass. |
| Machiavelli | Prince had acquisition, maintenance, and expansion of political power. |
| Chaucer | The father of English literature. Wrote the Canterbury Tales. |
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