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hush - chapter 1
native americans/christopher columbus
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| What was different about each Native American culture? | their distinct history, traditions, rivalries, and economies |
| Where did the populated societies rely on corn-growing? | Mexico and South America |
| Who created the crop of maize? | hunter-gatherers in highland Mexico |
| What did the village people in Rio Grade Valley develop? | irrigation systems to water corn |
| nation-states | sovereign states whose citizens or subjects are relatively homogeneous in factors such as language or common descent |
| What rose and fell before the Europeans arrived? | civilizations |
| Cahokia | the Mississippian settlement |
| three-sister farming | is a companion planting at its best, with three plants growing symbiotically to deter weeds and pests, enrich the soil, and support each other. |
| What plants were in the three-sister farming? | maize, bean, and squash |
| What tribes used the three-sister farming? | Creek, Choctaw, and Cherokee |
| What did some tribes eat? | fish and buffalo (iconic) |
| What did trade between tribes include? | exotic goods, shells, shark/alligator teeth, copper, silver, furs, obsidian, much, and pottery |
| What did some tribes develop? | matrilineal cultures |
| How close were the tribes? | they were very spread out |
| What did the Christian crusaders try to do? | wrestle their Holy Land from the Muslim's control but failed |
| What goods in Asia were unknown to the crusaders? | silk, perfumes, colorful draperies, and spices (sugar) |
| What made the goods in Asia expensive in Europe? | the route |
| What led people to want to find a different route? | Marco Polo's tales of his twenty-year trip in China |
| What did European sailors refuse to do? | sail southward along the coast of West Africa because they would not make it back home due to the strong winds and currents |
| Who overcame the obstacle on the coast of West Africa? | the Portuguese |
| caravel | a ship that could sail more closely to the wind |
| What did the Portuguese do? | they sold gold and people at the trading post and would not let anyone else go/have land there |
| What did slavery do? | disrupted the communities and inhibited expression of regional slaves work the sugar plantations |
| plantation | based on large-scale commercial agriculture and the wholesale exploitation of slave labor |
| Where did the Native Americans first live? | africa |
| How did they get from Africa to America? | there was a land bridge that connected Russia and Alaska |
| What did Europeans realize? | that america held gold and silver |
| What was the belief back then? | that natives were uncivilized, had no religion, had wars, and were not educated, and that europeans were superior |
| treaty of tordesilla | dividing land between Spain and Portugal, the "heathen lands" of the new world |
| Where did most of the land go in the treaty of tordesilla? | to spain |
| What did Portugal get in the treaty of tordesilla? | got land in Asia, Africa, and the title land which would one day be Brazil |
| What did the islands of the Caribbean sea serve as? | bases for staging the Spanish invasion of the mainland Americas, also help men and horses |
| encomienda | institution that allowed the government to "commend," or give, Natives to certain colonists in return for the promise to try to christianize them |
| What did Hernán Cortés do? | set sail from Cuba to Mexico, he wanted the gold that was said to be in the Aztec Capital |
| What happened between the Aztecs and Cortés? | the chief welcomed Cortés, under the believe that Cortés was god Quetzalcoatl,. Cortés asked for a lot of gold |
| noche triste | on June 30, 1520, the Aztecs attacked, driving the Spanish down the causeway from Tenochtitlán in a frantic bloody retreat because the Spanish's lust for gold only grew |
| What does noche triste mean? | sad night |
| What did Cortés do to the Aztecs after noche triste? | they laid siege on the city, leading way to three centuries of Spanish rule |
| capitalism | an economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by state |
| mestizos | people of mixed Native American and European heritage |
| What did the invaders bring to the new world? | conquest, death, crops, animals, language, laws, customs, and religion |
| What did the Spanish cause? | a smallpox epidemic |
| conquistadores | conquerors |
| Battle of Acoma | in 1599, the victorious Spanish sentenced young native survivors to twenty years of slavery and severed one foot of males over 25 years old |
| What did the Spanish do when people started to sniff around in the americas? | they converted natives to christianity, fortify/settle North American borderlands, and create a fortress at St. Augustine, Florida |
| What was the capital of the province of New Mexico? | Santa Fe |
| Pueblo Revolt | the Pueblo rebels destroyed every catholic church in the province of New Mexico and killed a score of priests and hundreds of spanish settlers |
| What did the rebels build on Santa Fe? | a kiva, ceremonial religious chamber |
| What did California live as and for how long? | undisturbed for couple centuries |
| What did Father Junipero Serra do? | led missionaries to Christianize the 300,000 native Californians |
| What were natives in Texas and New Mexico doing? | trading/breeding horses |
| black legend | a false concept that the conquerors merely tortured and killed the natives (killing for christ), stole their gold, infected them with smallpox, and left them with little but misery |
| What did the Spanish got in the columbian exchange? | tobacco, quinine, pumpkin, turkey, squash, pineapple, sweet potato, avocado, peppers, cacao bean, cassava, peanut, potato, tomato, corn, beans, and vanilla |
| What did the natives get in the columbian exchange? | Coffee bean, peach, pear, olive, banana, citrus fruits, honeybee, sugar cane, onion, turnip, grape, grains(wheat, rice, barley, oats), livestock(cattle, sheep, pig, horse), diseases(smallpox, influenza, typhus, measles, malaria, diphtheria, whooping cough |
Created by:
kyla_snyder_
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