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Culturing bacteria
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| What is the wavelength of gamma radiation? | 10^-12 |
| What is the wavelength of UV light? | 10^-8 |
| What is the wavelength of Microwave? | 10^-1 |
| What is the wavelength of visible light? | 10^-6 |
| characteristics of UV radiation (does it mutate, penetration, sterilization) | mutates DNA, not strong penetration (can be blocked with paper), sterilizes where light can touch |
| X-ray characteristics | very penetrating and need lead to block, is ionizing and can form peroxides |
| gamma radiation characteristics | mutates DNA very rapidly, causes free radicals, can be blocked by a few feet of concrete/inches of lead |
| memebrane filtration is made of out of...What can it not filter? | cellulose acetate. microplasms and viruses cannot be filtered |
| what is the frequency of sound and what does it usually kill above this range | 20,000 cycles, gram negatives |
| cavitation | sound hits cell and causes holes which makes cell implode |
| 6 factors that determine usefulness of chemical reagent | population size, population composition, concentration, duration, temperature, local environment |
| chemoautotrophs | use heat energy and energy in inorganics to synthesize energy |
| what is the autotrophs main source of energy | CO2 |
| what is the heterotrophs main source of energy | organic material like fats |
| what replaces oxygen in anoxygenic respiration | sulfur |
| what is in atp and nucleic acids | phosphate |
| what helps form cofactors (necessary for functional enzymes) | metallic ions |
| what needs vitamins (bacteria) | staph and strep |
| what does not need vitamins | E coli |
| what type of agar is TGEA | fortified/enriched |
| Mannitol salt agar | 8-10% concentration of salt, selective tolerant stuff grows |
| Eosin methylene blue (EMB) | eosin is red and methylene is blue. controls growth of gram positive bacteria (staph and strep) |
| How does a litmus milk agar work | if bacteria is able to use lactose and convert to lactic acid, it turns the litmus red (acidic) |
| assay agar used ____ as opposed to... | silica gel instead of seaweed |
| 7 things to identify bacteria: | size, color, margin or shape, elevation, composition, consistency, opacity |
| Sterilization | absence of all growth, cells and spores |
| degerming | removal of microbes by mechanical action |
| disinfectant | killing of disease causing agent but maybe not spores |
| bacteriostasis, what are agents used? | prevention of microbes from growing and reproducing via dyes, cold temperatures, and antibiotics |
| sanitization | reducing number of bacteria population to within standard of public health guidelines |
| thermal death time | shortest period of time to kill a suspension of cells at specific temp and conditions |
| decimal reduction time | length of time needed to kill 90% of cells at specific temp |
| how does an autoclave (moist) kill cells | rapid heating, temp above boiling point of water, added pressure to aid penetration of steam, and moisture which denatures proteins |
| what is the standard temp and pressure of an autoclave | 121 C and 15-20 psi above atmosphere |
| how is the sterilization time of an autoclave determined (3) | state of the material, type of container (volume), total volume |
| run time of an autoclave includes... | time from when the door closes till it opens or warm up, sterilization time and exhaust cycle |
| exhaust cycle | how temp and pressure are reduced |
| what are the advantages and disadvantages of an autoclave | advantage: best method. disadvantage: damages heat liable materials, chamber size, etches glass and metal |
| Pasteurization | 71.5 to kill mycobacterium, brucella, coxiella |
| UHT (ultra high temperature) | 140 C for 5 seconds |
| incineration temperatures | 160-1000 C |
| dry heat chamber characteristics | temperature raises kinetic energy of water molecules which converts to steam and the cell dehydrates, which leaves organic components open to oxidation and the heat denatures the proteins, spores can be destroyed at higher temp for longer times |
| advantages/ disadvantages of a heat chamber | advantage: doesnt etch glass or metal, disadvantage: chamber size, heat liable material, higher temps and longer times |
| what is gas sterilization? what are the times and temps? | it is a method that uses 88% EO and 12% CFC, which denatures the proteins of the cell wall and spore coat, which allows the gas to penetrate. some absorbent items must aerate for 24 hours. 90 C for 90 min or 50 C for 5-8 hours |
| advantages of gas sterilization | lower temperatures and gets into small spaces, can clean things that cannot be subjected to high temps or certain conditions |
| disadvantages of gas sterilization | very toxic and explosive at high temps |
| VHP for H202 plasma is? | only hydrogen peroxide injected into a sterile container and then radio frequency waves create an electric field. this creates peroxide free radicals if humans are exposed by otherwise by products are not toxic. |
| what is the temp, time, and usage of H202 plasma | 37-44 C for 30 min and effective on 95% of medical equipment |
| wavelength x frequency = | speed of light |
| AM radio frequency and wavelength | wavelength is foot ball field and frequency is kilohertz |
| FM radio frequency and wavelength | wavelength is a few feet and frequency is Mega hertz |
| Microwaves wavelength and frequency | wavelength is fingernail width and frequency is 3.3 GHz or frequency of vibrating water molecules |
| salting definition | chemical reacts with protein to inactivate it, examples are fluoride, chlorine and bromine |
| poisons def and examples | non-competitive inhibitor of enzymes, heavy metals like mercury and silver and copper |
| denaturants def and examples | acids and basess like carbolic acid and vinegar, bases like ammonias cause denaturing |
| permeability | alcohols and soaps dissolve fats in the membrane |
Created by:
Lyd543
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