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World Religions 2860
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Religion | relationship between humans and the divine |
| Teological | beginning and end |
| Ethnocentric | you cannot convert into it |
| Non proselytize | not actively trying to convert |
| Non transcendental afterlife | no promise of an after life with a higher form of existence |
| Cosmogenic myth | creation myth |
| Shamanism | people who work with magic and intercede with the spiritual world for something |
| Divination | determining events |
| Belief in Mana | “innate power in things” |
| Animism | belief that inanimate & animate objects have a spirit connected with it. |
| Taboo | a “bad” cultural act |
| Totemism | connection between certain animals and a tribe or individual. |
| Catal Huyuk | 7000BCE, oldest Neolithic settlement |
| Tengri and Etugen | Ski and Earth gods |
| Anu of Uruk | Sky god |
| Enlil or Bel of Nippur | wind and flood god |
| Nanna or Sin of Ur | Moon god |
| Utu or Shamash of Larsa and Sippar | Sun |
| Enki or Ea of Eridu | water and wisdom |
| Ninhursag or Aruru | Mother goddess |
| Ishtar | love and fertility. Universal goddess. |
| Osiris | Good. |
| Horus | son of Osiris “Sun god.” |
| Isis | Osiris’ wife. Mother of Horus. |
| Seth | evil, kills Osiris |
| Scales of Truth | weight of heart verses feathers. |
| Dyaus Pitar | “Zeus” Significant of Indo-European spread |
| Zeus | offspring of Kronos (time) |
| Poseidon | god of the sea |
| Hades | god of the underworld |
| Hera | wife of Zeus; goddess of women and marriage |
| Athena | goddess of civilization, wisdom, strength, craft, skill and justice |
| Ares | god of warfare, bloodlust |
| Demeter | goddess over grains, fertility of the Earth and harvest |
| Hestia | virgin goddess of the hearth |
| Hermes | messenger god and guide to the underworld |
| Apollo | god of light and sun, truth and prophecy, archery. |
| Aphrodite | goddess of love, beauty and sexuality. |
| Homer | Wrote the Iliad, ca 800BCE |
| Moira | fate, something destined to each individual |
| Hesiod | wrote origin (theogony) and genealogy of Gods |
| Xenophanes | (philosopher) divine, creative power. Gods were omniscient. |
| Socrates | critical of gods and myths. |
| Plato | student of Socrates, everything embodied the good. Human beings are a soul in a body seeking higher forms. |
| Aristotle | early ideas of gravity and force. |
| Oracles | woman who communicate with Gods |
| Delphi | oracle responsible for war |
| Humina | spirits |
| Mithra | Aranian, Indo-European god of war born on December 25th to a virgin mother. |
| Druids | priests. |
| Odin, Woden | father God and God of war. Very wise. Earth god. |
| Thor or Donar | Thunder god, sky god. Symbol was hammer. |
| Tyr, Tiw, Tiwaz | war god, the god of justice. One armed god. |
| Frigga | Earth goddess, odins consort |
| Valhalla | great hall where souls of great warriors live. Odin waits with army of Valkyries |
| Hel | ruler of Hel |
| Wignts | burial chambers |
| Gotterdammerung or Ragnarok | showdown where everyone dies and earth destroyed. |
| Jotunheim | realm of giants. |
| Axial age | 500BCE to 400BCE. Change in attitudes, consciousness about religion. |
| Hinduism | 19th century British term to define religion and people of India. |
| Law of Karma | cause and effect |
| Reincarnation | life after death. |
| Vedas | religious hymns. Sacred knowledge |
| Rajah | chief king |
| Indra | God of battle and lightning |
| Dasas | conquered indigenous population |
| Samhitas | sacred writings |
| Shruti | “that which is heard” or sacred core |
| Rig Veda | Veda of stanzas of praise. Gods are everywhere. |
| Devas | shining ones (devil) |
| Worship area | bare, open pit. Garhapatya, ahavaniya, dakshina |
| Soma | sacred drink (and god) |
| Brahmin | presents the Brahman prayer. |
| Purusha | cosmic man. God’s sacrifice. |
| Caste system | varnas |
| Prithivia Mater | Gaea. Mother earth. |
| Henotheism | no single god is paramount. None are all –powerful. |
| Indra | ruler of sky, controls storms/ monsoons. God of war. |
| Vajra | Thunderbolts |
| Rudra/ Shiva | the destroyer and the reviver. |
| Ushas | dawn. Female goddess. |
| Yama | first man to die, god of the dead |
| Varuna | god of the high, arch sky. Concerned with morality of the men. |
| Liturgical deities | gods involved in the ritual/ worship. |
| Agni | god of alter fire |
| Brihaspati | able to move gods and compel to grant powers |
| Yajur veda | prose, dedication, prayers, litanies |
| Sama veda | chants soma sacrifice |
| Atharva Veda | charms and spells. Beginnings of anatomically correct medicine |
| Varna | color |
| Kshatriays or Rajanyas | warriors |
| Vaisayas | commoners |
| Shudras | servants |
| Brahmanas | holy power of Brahman gives power to Brahmin. |
| Asvamedha | most lengthy and largest sacrificial ceremony. War offering. |
| Agnihotra | indoor offerings, at home. Ancestral offerings. |
| Brahma | creator of the universe, move to monotheism. |
| Upanishads | “sitting near” addendums to Vedas. Shruti. |
| Asceticism | activity of the mind and spirit. Seclusion, meditation, contemplation |
| Tapas | heat |
| Atman | inner self |
| Prakriti | here and now – outside world. Ignoring Atman leads to ignorance to suffering. |
| Monism | merging of dualities. Merging the mundane and the spiritual. |
| Moksha | release from being trapped in material world. |
| Brahman | immortal, existing as the lord, intelligent, omnipresent, the guardian of the world. “is he who constantly rules the world…” |
| Hiranyagarbha | golden egg. |
| Saguna Brahman | Manifest Brahman. Immediate, more approachable. |
| Birguna Brahman | unmanifest Brahman (neti neti). Ultimate. |
| Outcastes | not in castes, don’t fit in. |
| Jati | subgroups created over time |
| Law of Karma | how castes plays into religion. The more good in life, higher up you go. |
| Karma | determines ones future and why things are happening now. |
| Samsara | cycle of birth/ death |
| Kelpa | end and annihilation then return again. Cosmic cycle. |
| Dharma | sacred law. |
| Upanayana | sacred cord to mark caste |
| Kama | god of pleasure. |
| Artha | acquire “stuff” and power |
| Dharmasutra | books of law. How to unburden selves of the household. |
| Nirvana | the end of ignorance and claim to the world. |
| Sannyasin | homeless wanderer. Give up all; name and status. |
| Karma marga | the way of works. |
| Code of Manu | observe and participate in ones own caste |
| Sati | sacrifices self in husbands funeral. Cremation. |
| The jhana marga | the way of knowledge, based on Upanishads. |
| Bhakti marga | the way of devotion. |
| Bhagavad gita | song of lord, epic song. |
| Arjuna | warrior who faces dilemma before battle. |
| Trimurti | triad of gods |
| Vishnu | the preserver, preserving morals. Has 10 avatars (matsya the fish , kurma the tortois, varaha the boar, narisimha the man lion, vamana the dwarf, parasurama). Sits on the world serpent, lord of the world. (Shesh or Ananta, Garuda, Shakti) |
| Shiva the destroyer | “great god.” God of medicine, healing. Reproduction. (Mahadeva, lingham and yoni, ganesha, parvati, Nandi, Kali, feminine side). |
| Avatars | other forms of the gods. |
| Gurus | teacher, most highly honored Brahmin. |
| Ram mohan roy | focused on unity. Denounced polytheism. |
| Arya samaj | trying to establish universal religion. |
| Ramakrisha movement | incorporates western religions into Hinduism. |
| Mahatma Gandhi | pivotal in changing caste society. |
| Dharma | cosmic law or Dhamma. teachings of Buddha |
| Sasana | the teachings or laws |
| Sidhartha Gautama | Buddha. Known as Shakyamuni or Sakya muni |
| Bodi enlightenment | ones actions are motivated by desires, desires are attached to the world. |
| Mara | evil one tests Buddha three times. |
| Buddha | enlightened one |
| Dukkha | truth of suffering. Suffering comes from desire. |
| Samudaya | truth of arising of suffering |
| Nirodha | cessation of suffering |
| Magga | truth of the path |
| Dharmachakra | spokes on the wheel of life and enlightenment. |
| Tathagata | truth finder |
| Arahat | saint |
| Sangha | order or community |
| Anicca | impermanence |
| Anatta | ultimate unreality of the atman |
| Dukka | suffering comes from inebulous mind. |
| Nirvana | better existence than physical now |
| Vinaya sutra | voice of Buddha |
| Abhidamma | addendums |
| Swarga | heaven or paradise |
| Ashoka | son of Chandragupta. Was harsh and warlike but then sees change, converts to Buddhism. |
| Rajagana | saints, arahats meet to write holy books |
| Dyana | knowledge |
| Prajna | highest wisdom |
| Bodhi | enlightenment |
| Boddhisatva | denies nirvana to stay on earth and teach others |
| Maitreya | messiah |
| Jataka | holy texts |
| Avalokita | the lord who looks down from above |
| Kshitagaran | heaven for those who have repented |
| Dyani Buddhas | tathagatas. contemplative buddahs. Always dressed as monks. |
| Varocana | solar Buddha |
| Amatersasu | Japanese sun goddess |
| Amitabha | deals with future bliss. |
| Tantric Buddhism | book learning is not the most affective, learn from guru. Sex |
| Pure land school of thought | reach blissful heaven. Good works aren’t needed, just faith and humility. |
| Namu O Mituo Fo | All hail great Buddah |
| Chan & Zen | meditation, enlightenment |
| Tian Tal | rationalists. Seeks balance between mediation and text. |
| Nichiren | Japanese Buddhism. |
| Vajrayan | diamond or thunderbolt vehicle. Quickest path to enlightenment. |
| Lamas | monks in yellow hat sect. essentially boddhisatva. |
| Dalai Lama | oceanic priest. |
| Mahavira | great hero. |
| Ahimsa | non injury to all living things. |
| Jina | the conqueror |
| Salla Khana | voluntary self starvation. |
| Karma | matter that forms on the soul. Chief goal of Jainism is to get rid of Karma |
| Siddha | liberated from world, soul rises to highest part of the universe or isatpragbhara. |
| Isatpragbhara | highest point of the universe. Universe is shaped like a human body. |
| Shvetambaras | white clan, wear white robes. Woman can be members. |
| Digamaras | nude. No women. |
| Sthanakavasis | do not tolerate idols or symbols. |
| Nanak the guru | founder of Sikhism |
| Mardana | follower |
| Japoi | preamble |
| Maya | focus on god |
| Kesh | long hair |
| Kangha | comb |
| Kachh | breeches, shorts |
| Kara | steel bracelet |
| Kirpan | sword |
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